ࡱ;    !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~Root Entry  \pHarrisonty Ba=. =@ 8X@"1Arial1Arial1Arial1Arial1hArial1Arial1.Times New Roman1Symbol1.Times New Roman GENERAL #,##0[$$-409]\ #,##0 0.000.000% 0.0% 0.000 0.00% 0.0000                + ) , *                  `  h !x  l  l  l  l #x #| !|  l  l "x A  #| #|  l #| !|  h   h  Comma0 Currency0 Date Fixed Heading 1 Heading 2 Total` List dUCh1 fbCh2 Ch3 Ch4 cCh5 6Ch6 `Ch7 App_A App_B 6LApp_C :App_D VApp_E J[App_F /App_G |App_H vApp_I DApp_J iApp_K ƚApp_L z App_M  App_NW ChartN T \     3  @@   {#q CTable 1-1. Population, gross domestic product, and territory of the0great powers within contemporary frontiers, 1940=Popul-GDP, Territoryation, internationalmillion dollars andtotal,sq. km 1985 pricesthou.perpeople$ bnhead, $(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)-USAUKUSSRAllied subtotalGermanyItalyJapan Axis subtotal Allies/AxisSources<Population and (for the market economies) GDP are as Davies,?Harrison, Wheatcroft (1994), 270, recalibrated in international6dollars and 1985 prices by 1985 GDP/head from Summers,AHeston (1991), data disks. Soviet GDP/head in 1937 is fixed at 40Bpercent of the UK, from Harrison (1994c). Territory is from League>of Nations (1938), 16-23, adjusted for Soviet gains of 453,400square km in 1939-40.6Table 2-1. Net material product, 1940 and 1942-3, from0Sukharevskii (billion rubles and current prices)Change,1940-21942-3 NMP producedLosses Net imports NMP utilised nondefence outlays4.1a accumulation4.1b consumption defence outlaysASource: GARF, f. 3922/4372, op. 4, d. 115, ll. 35-9. NMP utilisedD(row 4) is the sum of rows 1-3, also the sum of rows 4.1 (itself theCsum of rows 4.1a and 4.1b) and and 4.2. For definitions and further,detail see the "Guide to national accounts".::1Table 2-2. Defence outlays, 1940 and 1942-3, fromConsumption in cash and kind by personnelAccumulation of defence industry fixed assetsOther defence outlaysDefence outlays, total percent of NMP utilised" Rows 1-4: as table 2-1.2" Row 4.1: row 4, divided by table 2-1, row 4. The2source itself includes several minor variations on this row.6Table 2-3. Net material product, 1940 and 1942-5, from(A) Billion rublesSocial productProductive consumption Other sources accumulation consumption reserve fund(B) Percent of NMP utilisedDefence outlays?Source: GARF, f. 3922/4372, op. 4, d. 115, ll. 10-15, except asDbelow. For definitions and further detail see the "Guide to national?accounts". Defence outlays (row 5.3) exclude the consumption ofDmilitary personnel, which is located in the general consumption fund (row 5.2).2" Row 4, equivalent to net imports, less insurable asset losses: row 5, less row 3.#" Row 6: row 5.3, divided by row 5.CTable 2-4. Outlays of the defence and navy commissariats, 1940-1945#(billion rubles and current prices)(A) TerpilovskiiTotal"(B) Zverev (July, 1941-June, 1945) Munitions.. Maintenance pay food personal kit fuel transport ConstructionOther!" Row 1: Terpilovskii (1967), 29.I" Rows 2-6: RGAE, f. 7733, op. 36, d. 1892, l. 86; 1941 is July-December,and 1945 is January-June.0Table 2-5. Defence outlays, 1940 and 1942-3: the4Sukharevskii gap (billion rubles and current prices)Outlays in budgetOutlays from Sukharevskii less defence industry construction on budgetary basisSukharevskii gap consumption of personnel other outlays1" Row 1: table 2.4, row 1 (1940), row 6 (1942-3)." Row 2: table 2.2, row 4." Row 2.1: table 2.2, row 2." Row 2.2: row 2, less row 2.1." Row 3: row 2.2, less row 1.0" Row 3.1: table 2.2, row 1, less table 2.4, thesum of rows 3.1-3.3" Row 3.2: row 3, less row 3.1.=Table 2-6. Prevailing prices of goods and services, 1941-1944(percent of 1940)Civilian machineryBasic industrial goodsConstruction materialsRailway freight Retail trade official markets kolkhoz marketsConsumer services" Row 1: table A-2, row 3.&" Rows 2, 3, 5: Bergson (1961), 367-8." Row 4: Bergson (1961), 350.(" Rows 6, 6.1, 6.2: table A-5, rows 7-9.!" Row 7: Chapman (1963), 81, 350.:Table 2-7. Defence outlays and national income, 1940-1943,9from Sukharevskii (billion rubles and current or constant 1940 prices)prelim.(A) At current pricesNet material product percent of NMP(B) At 1940 prices4Source: GARF, f. 3922/4372, op. 4, d. 115, ll. 50-3.ATable 2-8. Net material product, 1940 and 1942-5, from Goskomstat(percent and 1940 prices)(A) Percent of NMP utilised Accumulation Consumption by military personnelOther military outlaysDefence subtotal(B) Percent of 1940>Source: a full set of figures (with the exception of row 4) is@published in Goskomstat (1990), 29, but note further as follows:;" Rows 1-3: these figures were released piecemeal over many@years, starting with Voznesensky (1948), 56, followed by Chadaev>(1965), 380, Kravchenko (1970), 125, 228, IVMV, vol. 6 (1976),#340, and IVMV, vol. 12 (1982), 161." Row 4: row 2.1, plus row 3.STable 2-9. Net material product and implicit expenditure deflators, 1940, 1944, andO1945, from TsSU (billion rubles at current or constant 1940 prices and percent)Material product:Current prices,percent of 1940:at current prices:at 1940 prices:(6)(7)Annual social product of fixed assets of farm products of other stocks of reserves by households by institutions by the army and navyOutlays on military equipment and materialsJSource: RGAE, f. 4372, op. 95, d. 168, l. 45, except as noted below. PriceTdeflators (cols 6-7) are calculated from ruble totals (col. 4 divided by col. 2, andcol. 5 divided by col. 3)." Row 3: row 1, less row 2.;" Row 6: the sum of rows 3-5, also the sum of rows 7, 8, 9.!" Row 10: the sum of rows 8.3, 9.%" Row 10.1: row 10, divided by row 6.ATable 2-10. Uses of net material product, 1940 and 1944: TsSU and-Goskomstat compared (percent and 1940 prices)Percent of NMP utilised: 1944, percent1940:1944:of 1940:Gos-TsSUkomstat" Cols 1, 3, 5: table 2-8.?" Cols 2, 4, 8: table 2-9; row 2.1 is from table 2-9, row 8.3.7Table 2-11. Net material product, 1940 and 1942-5, from4Goskomstat and TsSU (billion rubles and 1940 prices) by households and civilian institutions!" Row 1: the sum of rows 2, 3, 4.B" Rows 2, 3, 3.2, 4: for 1940, as corresponding rows in table 2-9;Aother years are extrapolated from 1940 on the basis of table 2-8, rows 5-7." Row 3.1: row 3, less row 3.2. " Row 5: the sum of rows 3.2, 4.#" Row 5.1: row 5, divided by row 1.7Table 2-12. The use of gross output for "war needs", by8production branch, 1940 and 1942-1943 (percent of total)Duringthe war(A) From IVOVSS AgricultureIndustryNational income(B) From Sorokin65-68%57-58% (C) From ISE Transport(D) From SukharevskiiTradeTotal social product&" Rows 1-3: IVOVSS, vol. 6 (1965), 46.!" Rows 4-5: Sorokin (1971), 87-8.:" Rows 6-9: ISE, vol. 5 (1978), 183. This source also gave@70-80 percent as the share of industrial output allocated to war@needs in 1942, taking into account "milit< ary orders fulfilled byBcivilian industry establishments"; the latter range had previously?been attributed to the first half of 1942 alone in IVMV, vol. 4A(1975), 162, where it was also stated that at the same time (i.e.Ain the first half of the year) the share of war needs had reached@50 percent of industrial output, counting only the output of thedefence industry commissariats.;" Rows 10-15: calculated from table 2-13; see also GARF, f.#3922/4372, op. 4, d. 115, ll. 50-3.JTable 2-13. The use of gross output for "war needs", by production branch,D1940 and 1942-1943, from Sukharevskii (billion rubles and prevailingofficial prices)Total:For war needs:Agriculture, total to defence industry to other war needsIndustry, total group A2.1a MBMW2.1b industrial materials2.1c fuel, power2.1d materials2.1e other group A group BConstruction, totalTransport, total military shipments Trade, markupFSource: GARF, f. 3922/4372, op. 4, d. 115, ll. 19-22; figures for 1944=plan are omitted. "War needs" specified in the source but not/apparent from the table are defined as follows:=" Row 2.1a: supply of military equipment to the armed forces.C" Row 2.1b: supply of industrial materials to the defence industry.=" Row 2.1c: supply of fuel and power to the defence industry.D" Row 2.1d: supply of construction materials to the defence industryand other war needs.A" Row 3: construction for the defence industry and other military construction.<" Row 5: the trade markup on products procured on account ofdefence outlays.JTable 3-1. Soviet real national income within pre-1939 frontiers, 1937 and@1940 (growth over 1928, percent per year): alternative estimatesSourceConceptStandard of valueNMP#"Unchanged" ruble prices of 1926/27Clark Real product"International" dollarsJasnyNNP"Real" ruble prices of 1926/27BergsonGNPRuble factor costs of 1928Ruble factor costs of 1937Moorsteen, PowellKhanin%Wage fund, expenditure, various yearsSources:" Row 1: TsSU (1962), 597." Row 2: Clark (1957), 247." Row 3: Jasny (1961), 444.&" Rows 4, 5: Bergson (1961), 128, 153.'" Row 6: Moorsteen, Powell (1966), 622." Row 7: Khanin (1988), 85.BTable 4-1. Industrial production, 1941-1945: alternative estimatesHarrisonPowellA" Row 1: table 4-8, row 4 (net value added, at 1937 factor cost).A" Row 2: Powell (1968), 7 (net value added, at 1937 factor cost).<" Row 3: TsSU (1959), 8-9 (gross output, at 1926/27 prices).DTable 4-2. Industrial production, selected series, 1940-1945 (units)Defence industry combat aircraft armoured vehicles guns shells, million small arms, '000 cartridges, million Iron, steel crude steel, '000 tons pig iron, total, '000 tons rolled metal, total, '000 tonsNonferrous metals copper, '000 tons aluminium, '000 tons Fuel industry coal, '000 tons oil, '000 tonsElectric power, million kWhChemical industry soda ash, '000 tons mineral fertilizer, '000 tons toluene, '000 tonsMBMW lathes presses steam turbines steam boilers diesel engines steam turbine generators 0 electric motors >100kW electric motors <100kW, '000 power transformers trunkline steam locomotives trunkline freight cars automobiles bearings, million Timber, paper" commercial timber, million cu. m. firewood, million cu. m. sawn timber, million cu. m. cement, '000 tons bricks, million window glass, '000 sq. m.Light industry cotton textiles, million m. leather footwear, '000 prs clocks and watches, '000 sewing machines , '0000 bicycles , '000 Food industry sugar, granulated, '000 tons meat, excl. kolkhoz, '000 tons fish, '000 tons butter, '000 tons vegetable oil, '000 tons beer, million dcl. salt, million tons tea, '000 tons cigarettes, billion flour, million tons" Rows 1.1-1.6: as table B-1." Rows 2.1-11.10: as table C-1.HTable 4-3. Gross output of industry by branch of origin, 1941-1945 (1937prices and percent of 1940) Civilian MBMWNonferrous metallurgyFuelsPowerChemicals, rubber" Row 1: table B-9, row 3.1."" Rows 2-11: table C-3, rows 1-10.GTable 4-4. Industrial production by branch of origin, 1944: alternativeestimates (percent of 1940)PresentTsSU figures of gross estimates ofoutput at 1926/27 gross output,prices, classified byat 1937 prices, classified byestabl-com- commodityishmentmodity defence industry civilian MBMW Metallurgy iron, steel nonferrous metalsDefence productsCivilian products" Col. 1: table 4-3.I" Col. 2: IVOVSS, vol. 6 (1965), 45 (four defence industry commissariats:Laircraft industry, armament industry, ammunition industry, shipbuilding), 59;(six heavy industries), 63 (the light and food industries)." Col. 3: TsSU (1959), 28./Table 4-5. Gross output of civilian industry by2branch of origin, 1944 (percent of 1940): standarddeviations of product relativesNumberStandardof deviationproductsCivilian industry"Source: calculated from table C-1.ITable 4-6. The estimated trend in real value added relative to real gross/output of industry, 1941-1944 (percent of 1940)Basic industryNoteHFigures show the estimated ratio in each year of an index number of realBvalue added to an index number of real gross output, when both areexpressed as percent of 1940." Row 1: table D-3, row 6.'" Rows 2, 3: table D-1 (A), (B), row 7.JTable 4-7. The branch composition of industrial production and employment,1940: alternative measures Net value Gross output, Employment,added, billionbillion rublesmillionsrubles at 1937 at 1926/27 factor costsprices(%) ChemicalsOther industry of which, civilian Col. 1: as table F-8, col. 5.7 Col. 2: taken or calculated from TsSU (1959), 70, 72.Q Col. 3: public sector employes, as table G-1, col. 2 (reallocating employees inQnonferrous metallurgy from other" industry as explained in the corresponding notePto the latter table), combined with employees in NKVD industrial establishments, as table G-4.QTable 4-8. Value added in industry by branch of origin, 1940-1945 (billion rubles(at 1937 factor cost and percent of 1940)(A) Percent of 1940 nonferrous metallurgy fuels power chemicals, rubber timber, paper construction materialsLight, other industry light industry food industry other industry(B) Billion 1937 rublesQ(A) Index numbers are taken from corresponding rows in table 4-3, except that forPdefence industry table 4-3 (row 1) is first multiplied by table 4-6 (row 1), forMreasons given in the text; rows 1, 2, 3, 4, 4.1 are calculated from part (B).A(B) Calculated as index numbers in part (A), weighted by 1940 netCvalue added from table 4-7, col. 1, with exceptions as follows. RowD1 is the sum of< rows 1.1, 1.2; row 2 is the sum of rows 2.1-2.7; row?3 is the sum of rows 3.1-3.3; row 4 is the sum of rows 1, 2, 3;row 4.1 is row 4, less row 1.1.>Table 4-9. Employment of manual workers in industry, 1940-1945(A) Millions of employees other basic(B) Percent of total(C) Hours per worker(D) Percent of 1940Source: (A), (B): table G-5, rows 5-5.3.(C), (D): table G-6, rows 5-8.JTable 4-10. Labour productivity in industry, 1940-1945 (manual workers and$net value added at 1937 factor cost)(A) Rubles per worker(C) Rubles per hour worked?Source: value added (table 4-8) is divided by numbers in manual(employment and hours worked (table 4-9).=Table 4-11. Employment in industry, 1940-1945 (all employees,millions and percent) of which, % in defence industry" Row 1: table D-4, row 7." Row 2: row 3, less row 1." Row 3: table G-5, row 7.#" Row 3.1: row 1, divided by row 3.MTable 4-12. Labour productivity in industry, 1940-1945 (all employees and net value added at 1937 factor cost) (A) RublesKSource: net value added (table 4-8, rows 1.1, 4, and 4.1), divided by total&employment (table 4-11, rows 1, 2, 3).RTable 5-1. Gross national product by sector of origin, 1937 and 1940-1945 (billionrubles at 1937 factor cost) Industry 2.1 defence2.2 civilian Transport, communicationsTrade, cateringCivilian services housing finance health education government otherMilitary services Army, Navy NKVD troopsNet national product DepreciationGross national productGThe accounting framework and most 1937 values are taken from Moorsteen,OPowell (1966), 622-3. Exceptions, and sources for other years, are noted below.*" Row 1: interpolated on table 5-2, row 1.0" Rows 2, 2.1, 2.2: table 4-8, rows 1.1, 4, 4.1.:" Rows 3-5: interpolated on table 5-2, corresponding rows.!" Row 6: the sum of rows 6.1-6.6.>" Rows 6.1-6.5: interpolated on table 5-2, corresponding rows.L" Row 6.6: for 1937, value added in housing, finance, and all services, fromNMoorsteen, Powell (1966), 622-3, less the combined sums of rows 6.1-6.5 and 7;Nfor 1940, interpolated on the subtotal of rows 6.1-6.5. Figures for 1941-5 areIinterpolated on table B-1, row 6 (total employment in civilian services)."" Row 7: the sum of rows 7.1, 7.2.M" Row 7.1: for 1940, value added in military services, from Moorsteen, PowellU(1966), 622-3. Figures for years after 1937 are interpolated on table I-11, row 8.1.K" Row 7.2: for 1940, the 1941-plan share of military services in outlays onSgovernment and security at 1937 factor cost (table F-5, col. 28, row 20e divided byLrow 23), multiplied by final outlays in 1940 on government and security fromRBergson (table F-7, row 2.2). Years after 1940 are interpolated on table I-11, row38.2; 1937 is interpolated on row 7.1 of this table.-" Row 8: the sum of rows 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.*" Row 9: interpolated on table 5-2, row 9." Row 10: the sum of rows 8, 9.FTable 5-2. Gross national product by sector of origin, 1940-1945 (1937 factor cost and percent of 1937)" Row 1: table H-5, row 15.1Q" Rows 2, 2.1, 2.2, 6, and 6.6-10: calculated from table 5-1, corresponding rows.7" Row 3: calculated from Moorsteen, Powell (1966), 386.C" Rows 4, 5: for 1940, Moorsteen, Powell (1966), 622-3; for 1941-5,Iinterpolated on index numbers, percent of 1940, in IVOVSS, vol. 6 (1965),45.>" Row 6.1: for 1940 and 1945, Moorsteen, Powell (1966), 622-3;for 1941-4, Powell (1968), 31.G" Rows 6.2-6.5: for 1940 and 1945, Moorsteen, Powell (1966), 622-3; forK1941-4, interpolated on table I-10, rows 6.1-6.4, multiplied by an index ofHannual hours based on hours worked in public sector industry (table G-6,Brow 8), taking annual hours in 1937 at 1822 hours, calculated fromMoorsteen, Powell (1966), 647.<Table 5-3. National income, 1941-1945: alternative estimates(A) Excluding net importsTsSU (at 1926/27 prices)TsSU (at 1940 prices)(B) Including net imports6" Row 1 (GNP at 1937 factor costs): table 5-1, row 10.9" Row 2 (GNP at 1937 factor costs): Powell (1968), 7, 32.8" Row 3 (GNP at 1937 factor costs): Bergson (1961), 210.>" Row 4 (NMP produced at 1926/27 prices): TsSU (1959), 28, 71.8" Row 5 (NMP produced at 1940 prices): table 2-9, row 3.]" Row 6 (total final demand at 1937 factor costs): 1941 as row 1, 1942-5 as table 5-8, row 3.G" Row 7 (total final demand at 1937 factor costs): Bergson (1961), 210.9" Row 8 (NMP utilised at 1940 prices): table 2-11, row 1.ETable 5-4. The working population by type of establishment, 1940-1945(millions and percent of total) (A) MillionsPublic sector (pre-1960)Artisan industryCollective farmsNKVD establishments Armed forcesWorking population'Source: table I-10, corresponding rows.DTable 5-5. The working population by branch of employment, 1940-1945 (millions)'Source: table I-11, corresponding rows.DTable 5-6. The working population by branch of employment, 1940-1945(percent of total) civilian industryHTable 5-7. Net value added per worker, 1940-1945 (rubles and 1937 factorcost)ESource: net value added (table 5-1) divided by employment (table 5-5)8Table 5-8. Gross national product by final use, 1940 and:1942-1944 (billion rubles at 1937 factor cost and percent)Total final demandFixed capital formation InventoriesDefenceGovt., securityCommunal servicesHousehold consumption per worker per head9Note: total final demand (TFD) is defined as the value of5domestically produced and imported goods and services6available for household and government consumption and9investment, and is equal to GNP plus imports less exports(net imports)." Row 1: table 5-1, row 10." Row 2: table J-1, row 18." Row 3: row 1, plus row 2.8" Row 4: for 1940, Bergson (1961), 128 (fixed investment9includes livestock); for 1942-3, fixed investment is from6Powell (1968), 21, and for 1944 from Moorsteen, Powell=(1966), 358, with the addition of net investment in livestockfrom table H-5, row 14.7" Row 5: for 1940, Bergson (1961), 128; other years are6from Powell (1968), 21 (1942-3), and Moorsteen, Powell(1966), 358 (1944)." Row 6: table K-4, row 9.:" Rows 7, 8: for 1940 and 1944, < Bergson (1961), 128; other:years are interpolated on budget spending on sociocultural5provisions and administration, from TsSU (1959), 457.<" Row 9: row 3, less the sum of rows 4-8. For row 9.1 I take9row 9, divided by table 5-5, row 8. For row 9.2, row 9 is9divided by annual average population as follows: Andreev,:Darskii, Khar'kova (1990a), 41, give the Soviet population;within contemporary frontiers on the first of 1940 and 19417as 192,598,000 and 195,393,000 respectively. For 1943 I<take the average of the figures given by Mitrofanova (1984),4347-8, as 130m and 143m for November, 1942, and "the<end of 1943" respectively. Figures in rubles are as follows: Per workerPer headJTable 5-9. Gross national product by final use, 1940 and 1944: alternative0estimates (billion rubles and 1937 factor costs)Berg-Col. 1,Col. 4,esti-sonpercentmate of col. 2 of col. 5" Cols 1, 4: table 5-8.!" Cols 2, 5: Bergson (1961), 128.2Table 5-10. Households' consumer spending in cash,-at current and constant prices, 1940 and 1944 At currentAt 1940prices:Official trade goods servicesKolkhoz market (B) RublesPer worker in public sector and artisan establishments, total percent of 1940"" Row 1: the sum of rows 1.1, 1.2.<" Rows 1.1, 1.2: for cols 1, 2, see GARF, f. 4372, op. 4, d.81585, l. 980. These figures are taken from a "Balance of9money incomes and outlays of the population"; figures are8inclusive of the cash incomes of wage-earners, soldiers,>collective farms, and those in receipt of government benefits,:but exclude "cash turnover among groups of the population";(i.e. incomes derived from the kolkhoz market and retrading<of official goods), military subsistence, and subsistence of:the population under control of the NKVD. Farm consumption:in kind is also by definition excluded. Col. 3 is deflated7by index numbers of prices from table A-1, rows 7.1, 8.!" Row 2: as table A-5, rows 3, 6." Row 3: the sum of rows 1, 2.;" Row 4: row 3, divided by table 5-4, the sum of rows 1, 2.!" Row 4.1: calculated from row 4.CTable 5-11. Gross national product and the defence burden, 1940 andG1942-1944: alternative measures (billion rubles at 1937 factor cost andpercent)SymbolV+MV Net imports M percent of TFDM/(V+M) percent of GNPM/VDD/(V+M)D/VDefence outlays, less net importsD-M(D-M)/V" Row 1: row 2, plus row 3." Row 2: table 5-1, row 10." Row 3: table J-1, row 1.-" Rows 3.1, 3.2: row 3, divided by rows 1, 2." Row 4: table K-4, row 9.-" Rows 4.1, 4.2: row 4, divided by rows 1, 2." Row 5: row 4, less row 3.#" Row 5.1: row 5, divided by row 2.:Table 5-12. Large-scale industrial production by branch of8origin, implicit and realised, 1940 and 1942-1944 (valueadded at 1937 factor cost)/(A) Gross value added, implicit, million rubles1Electric power2-4Coal, peat, petroleum5-5a67Fab. metal products8Defence industries91011-12Timber, paper, and products13-14Textiles, light industry15Food processing1-15-(B) Net value added, realised, million rubles.(C) Elasticity over 1940, realised to implicit=" (A) Gross value added, implicit: final demands (table 5-8),;times Leontief multipliers for each year, less intermediate8inputs, from tables D-5 and F-5. For the distribution of5final demands among processing sectors, see the text.7" (A) Net value added, realised: as tables 4-8 and 5-1.=" (C) Elasticity, realised to implicit: for R (realised value5added) and I (implicit value added) in year t, E (the:proportional change in realised output over 1940, compared;with the proportional change over the same period in output!implicitly required) is given by:%E[t] = (R[t]/R[1940])/(I[t]/I[1940]).?Table 5-13. Implicit supply of gross industrial output required<from de-stocking and net imports, 1942-4 (percent of total)FromFrom net importsde-stock-ing:Implicit gross industrial requirements: X+M-DS, where X is9gross output implicit in the input/output table, M is net;imports, and DS is stockbuilding. "De-stocking" is negativestockbuilding.Source: as table 5-12.:Table 5-14. Employment in direct and indirect requirements-of defence outlays, 1940 and 1942-1944 ('000)(A) Gross of imports161718-19Transport, comms20eDefence sector total21a of which, war workers(B) Net of imports of which, % war workersSource: table L-5.:Table 5-15. Employment in direct and indirect requirements-of defence outlays (net of imports), 1940 and'1942-1944 (percent of total employment)Transport, commications;Source: defence requirements (table L-5), divided by sector!and total employment (table 5-5).3Table 5-16. Defence and nondefence employment, 1940/and 1942-1944: alternative estimates (millions)(A) Gosplan classification War workers agriculture industry construction trade Army, Navy % of working population(B) British classification group I ("munitions" group II ("essential")0(C) Input/output classification (net of imports) Army, navy!" Row 1: the sum of rows 1.1-1.5.Q" Rows 1.1-1.5: total sector employment (table 5-6), multiplied by percentages ofIsector gross output allocated to "war needs", calculated from table 2-13.6" Row 2: Army and Navy personnel (table 5-5, row 7.1).." Row 3.1: row 3, percent of table 5-4, row 6.N" Row 4: the sum of rows 4.1, 4.2. War workers were classified in two industryOgroups (Hancock, Gowing (1949), 78). Group I (munitions and related industries)Ncomprised metal manufacture, engineering, motors, aircraft and other vehicles,Vshipbuilding and ship-repairing, metal goods manufacture, chemicals, explosives, oils,Wetc.", while group II (essential industries) covered "agriculture, mining, national andVlocal government services, gas, water and electricity supply, transport and shipping".XThis left "food, drink and tobacco, textiles, clothing and other manufactures, buildingTand civil engineering, distribution trades, commerce, banking and other services" in#group III (inessential industries).N" Row 4.1: in Soviet terms, group I is taken to comprise MBMW, iron and steel,Snonferrous metallurgy, and chemicals. For 1940, employment is as table 4-7, col. 3.PFor subsequent years, MBMW employment is as table E-7, row 2; for other sectors,Semployment is interpolated on value added (table 4-8), divided by an index of valueHadded per manual worker in "other" basic industry (table 4-10, row 2.2).U" Row 4.2: for present purposes I exclude agriculture from group II, which therefore Scovers fuels and power, government administration, and transport. For nonindustrialTsectors, employment is as table I-11. Employment in the fuel and power indu< stries is2calculated as metallurgy and chemicals in row 4.1.L" Row 5: Armed forces personnel, including NKVD troops (table 5-5, row 7.2)." Row 6: the sum of rows 4, 5.." Row 6.1: row 6, percent of table 5-4, row 6.." Row 7: the sum of table 5-14 (B), rows 1-20.!" Row 8: table 5-14 (B), row 20e." Row 9: the sum of rows 7, 8.." Row 9.1: row 9, percent of table 5-4, row 6.BTable 5-17. Gross domestic products of the great powers, 1939-1945/(billion international dollars and 1985 prices) subtotal USSR/GermanyT" Rows 1, 2, 5, 6, 7: for 1940, see table 1-1; other years are interpolated on indexEnumbers of GDP within constant frontiers from Maddison (1991), 212-15P" Row 3: for 1940, see table 1-1. Other years are obtained as follows. In 1937-8ISoviet GNP/head was approximately as 1940, according to Davies, Harrison,QWheatcroft (1994), 269. Therefore, for 1939 I adopt the 1940 figure, adjusted proQrata for the smaller territory in 1939 compared with 1940 according to populationTfigures within the old and new frontiers in Andreev, Darskii, Khar'kova (1990a), 41.2For years after 1940 I refer to table 5-1, row 10." Row 4: the sum of rows 1-3." Row 8: the sum of rows 5-7.!" Row 9: row 4, divided by row 8.#" Row 9.1: row 3, divided by row 5.ITable 5-18. The military burden: five great powers, 1939-1944 (percent ofnational income)F" Row 1 (percent of NNP at current factor cost): Harrison (1988), 184.H" Row 2 (percent of net national expenditure at current prices): Howlett (1994), 2.B" Row 3 (percent of GNP at 1937 factor cost): table 5-11, row 4.2.>" Row 4 (percent of NNP at current prices): Overy (1994), 312.@" Row 5 (percent of GDP at current prices): Zamagni (1993), 255.7Table 6-1. Allied aid, total and to the USSR, 1941-1945((A) United States Lend-Lease ($ million)To:1941-2%British Empire-(B) United Kingdom reciprocal aid ( million)To JulyJune19431944toSept.1945Source: Allen (1956), 529, 535.MTable 6-2. United States Lend-Lease exports to the USSR, 1941-1945 ($ million and percent)Jan.-July-Dec.Munitions, total ordnance, ammunition aircraft and parts tanks and parts motor vehicles and parts watercraftPetroleum productsIndustrial products, materialsAgricultural products of which, civilian or dual-purpose goods percent of totalPSource: United States President (1944), 31, (1945a), 15, (1945c), 8, except thatOrow 6 is the sum of rows 1.4, 1.5, 2, 3, 4; row 6.1 is row 6, divided by row 5.,Table 6-3. Revenues to the state budget from0foreign transactions, 1942-1943 (million rubles)Quarter I II III IV(A) Planned, 1942 Lend-Lease Import dutiesTotal revenues import duties, % of Lend-Lease(B) Realised, 1942(C) Planned, 1943(D) Realised, 19437Source: RGAE, f. 7733, op. 28, d. 865, l. 9. "Realised"=figures for 1943 (third quarter) are anticipated. Percentagesare calculated from the source.@Table 6-4. Budget outlays of the defence commissariat, total and1supplied from imports, 1941-1945 (billion rubles)(A) Total outlays (B) Imports<Source: RGAE, f. 7733, op. 36, d. 1892, ll. 75 (imports), 83:(outlays). Navy items are excluded. Imported munitions and9equipment include vehicles and parts. "Other" imports areAhorses. For imports in 1945 the calendar year is covered, not the first half.+Table 6-5. Sources of net material product,.1940-1945, (billion rubles and current prices)Total,1944-5(A) From Sukharevskii (B) From the 1946 TsSU "Balance" losses foreign sources>" Rows 1-3: table 2-3, rows 3-5. An accompanying report (GARF,@f. 3922/4372, op. 4, d. 115, ll. 40-2) states that the excess ofCproducts utilised over domestic supply in 1945 is partly covered byE"about 25 billion rubles" of imports, compared with 40 billion rublesof imports in 1944.L" Rows 4-7: table 2-9, rows 3-6 (cols 1-3); row 5 is the sum of rows 5.1 andL5.2, and all three rows are renamed for comparability with rows 1-3. Figuresfor 1945 are preliminary.>Table 6-6. The defence burden with and without foreign aid and7trade, 1942-1944 (billion rubles and 1937 factor costs)Gain (A) ActualGross domestic productGross investmentNondefence consumption by government6.2a surplus6.2b minimumTotal public outlaysTotal surplus outlays(B) Hypothetical12.2a12.2bOCol. 4 is the sum of cols 1-3; col. 5 is the excess of actual over hypotheticalJvalues in col. 4 (row 3 less row 9, row 4 less row 10, etc.). Cols 1-3 arederived as follows:" Rows 1-6.2: table 5-8.#" Row 6.2a: row 6.2, less row 6.2b.I" Row 6.2b: household consumption, per head of the working population, inHrubles at 1937 factor cost, is taken from table 5-8 (note to row 9). TheJlowest figure of the series (that shown for 1943) is taken to represent anIabsolute minimum. The 1943 figures, multiplied by employment in each year5(table 5-4, row 6), yields minimum total consumption." Row 7: row 3, less row 6." Row 8: row 3, less row 6.2.+" Row 9: row 1 (assuming zero net imports).H" Rows 10, 11, 12.1 (1942 only): rows 10 and 12.1 are taken from rows 4,F6.1; row 11 is the residual when all other uses of resources have beendeducted from row 9.G" Rows 10, 11, 12.1 (1943 only): the hypothetical 1942 figure, plus theOhypothetical increase in total public outlays (row 13) over 1942, multiplied byCthe respective shares of actual defence, investment, and governmentDnondefence consumption (NDC) outlays in the actual increase in totalHnonconsumption over 1942, calculated from rows 4, 5, 6.1, 7, as follows:Billion rublesIncreaseShareGovernment NDCM" Rows 10, 11, 12.1 (1944 only): for 1944, the hypothetical 1943 figure, plusMthe hypothetical increase in total surplus outlays (row 8), multiplied by theLshares of actual defence, investment, and surplus consumption outlays in theNactual increase in total surplus outlays over 1943, calculated from rows 4, 5,6.1, and 8, as follows: Sources to table 6-6 (continued) by households, surplusI" Row 12: for 1942, row 9, less row 13. For 1943-4, the sum of rows 12.1,12.2.J" Row 12.1 (1942-3 only): for 1942, row 12, less row 12.2; for 1943, fixed6at zero by assumption (see text). For 1944, see above." Row 12.2: as row 6.2.K" Row 13: for 1942, the sum of rows 10, 1< 1. For 1943-4, row 9, less row 12." Row 14: row 9, less row 12.2.Table 6-7. Commodities in short$supply, 1946 (Lend-lease deliveries,&percent of domestic output in physicalunits, in 1944)PercentIron and steel rolled steel ordinary high-grade tubes (wire, solid- drawn, pipeline) metal fabricates lead tin cadmium wolfram concentrate molybdenum concentrate caustic soda phenol dibutyl-phthalate methanolRubber products conveyor belts transmission belts natural rubberPaper Equipment press-forging equipment lifting equipment excavating equipment complex machine tools Food products meat products animal fats Aircraft fuel%Source: GARF, f. 3922/4372, op. 4, d.7, ll. 173-78.9Table 6-8. Allied military losses and prewar GDP per headSoldiers killed GDP per head,and died, per- 1940, inter-cent of prewarnational dollars populationand 1985 prices=" Col. 1: prewar populations from table 1-1, col. 1; military:losses, rows 1, 2 from Urlanis (1971), 294, and row 3 fromKrivosheev (1993), 130-1." Col. 2: table 1.1, col. 3.;Table 7-1. Material costs of World War II: official figures(billion prewar rubles)Direct losses of physical assets on occupied territory Direct budgetary and other costsDirect budgetary costs, total>600 wartime military outlays servicemen's pensions, etc.>50Other costs of conversion, evacuation, air defence, and  foregone material product of  occupied territoryTotal costs and losses>" Col. 1: traditional figures, obtained and further defined as5follows. Row 1, "the damage inflicted on the national/economy of the USSR and private rural and urban4residents", at 1941 prices, from ChGK (1945). Row 2,3direct war expenditures and additional expenditures7caused by the war as well as the losses in the national9income of the population and Socialist enterprises", from:Voznesenskii (1948), 130. Rows 3 ("direct military outlays:in connection with the Great Patriotic War"), 3.1 ("direct5outlays on the maintenance of the Armed Forces"), 3.2;("pensions and benefits of servicemen and their families"),5from Tamarchenko (1967), 134. Row 4, "war spending in5connection with conversion of the national economy to0wartime purposes, evacuation and reevacuation of@enterprises, outlays on air defence, . . . additional shortfalls<and losses in connection with the impossibility of producing=output in the regions subject to occupation, the diversion to4the war of millions of people of the most productive8age-groups, and the loss of people resulting from combat:actions and the occupiers' annihilation of the part of the3USSR's population"; this is the residual defined by7Tamarchenko (1967), 135, after deducting row 3 from row92. Row 5, "the total damage borne by the national economy8in the war years, together with military outlays and the:temporary loss of incomes from industry and agriculture in;the regions undergoing occupation" (i.e. the sum of rows 1,62), from TsSU (1959), 53; see also Tamarchenko (1967),131.8" Col. 2: alternative figures from IVMV, vol. 12 (1982),4149, for the separate components of direct budgetary5and other costs (rows 3, 4); the same source confirms<the traditional totals and other figures (rows 1, 2, 5) longsanctified by official use.5Table 7-2. Population movements, mid-1941 to end-1945Total population, mid-1941Emigrated by end-1945Remained at end-1945Died during war actual normal excessBirths, mid-1941 to end-1945Survived to end-1945Total population, end-1945! born before mid-1941(from row 3)! born since mid-1941 (from row 6)Excess deaths since mid-1941$ born before mid-1941 (from row 4.3)$ born since mid-1941 (from row 7.3)!War losses (including emigration)5Andreev et al. (1990b), 26-7, except that alternative5allowances are made for the Maksudov dilemma (namely,7the whereabouts of 2.7m missing net emigrants) on lines,suggested by Ellman, Maksudov (1994), 672-3.:" Col. 1: assuming that net emigration is concealed in war:deaths as estimated by Andreev et al., the total of excess3deaths is reduced by 2.7m below the Andreev figure.4" Col. 2: assuming that the prewar population of the:territories annexed in 1939-40, as estimated by Andreev et8al., has already been adjusted downward by the number of:net emigrants, the true prewar population is shown as 2.7m5higher than in the Andreev figures, while the Andreev$estimate of war deaths is confirmed.5Table 7-3. Losses of physical and human assets during:World War II (billion rubles at prewar prices and percent)(A) Loss of physical assetsPrewar assets, totalWar losses, bn rubles percent lost(B) Loss of human assets(C) Loss of combined assets4Cols 1 and 2 correspond to the same columns in table97-2, and show the same alternative ways of accounting forthe Maksudov dilemma.2" Row 1: according to Tamarchenko (1967), 134, and8IVMV, vol. 12 (1982), 148, the sum of 679 billion rubles;(table 7-1, row 1) represented about 30 percent of national;wealth, giving the latter as 2,263 billion rubles at prewarprices.$" Row 2: row 1, multiplied by row 3.&" Row 3: Moorsteen, Powell (1966), 75.!" Row 4: row 5, divided by row 6." Row 5: table M-3, row 4." Row 6: table M-3, row 3." Row 7: the sum of rows 1, 4." Row 8: the sum of rows 2, 5.!" Row 9: row 8, divided by row 7.+Table 7-4. Trends and breaks in Russian and*Soviet economic growth, 1885-1985 (GNP perhead, percent change)!Trend growth, 1885-1913, per yearDrop in level, 1914!Trend growth, 1928-1940, per yearDrop in level, 1941!Trend growth, 1950-1974, per year!Trend growth, 1974-1985, per yearSource: table N-6.GTable A-1. Prevailing prices of goods and services, 1940-45 (percent of1937))(A) Nonagricultural products and servicesMunitions inputs Construction,(B) Consumer goods and services(C) Average labour costsAnnual earningsHourly earnings@" Row 1: for 1940, see Bergson (1961), 367; subsequent years are!interpolated on table A-2, row 3.<" Rows 2-4, 6: for 1940 and 1944, see Bergson (1961), 367-8;1intervening years are interpolated geometrically.G" Row 5: row 5.1, combined with the public sector hourly earnings index4(row 9.2), with labour costs weighted at 70 percent.A" Row 5.1: for 1940 and 1944, Bergson (1961), 350, with geometric#interpolation of intervening years.@" Rows 7, 7.1, 7.2: for 1940, as table A-4, rows 4-6; 1942-5 are?interpolated on table A-5, rows 7-9, and 1941 on 1942 and 1940.C" Row 8: for 1940 and 1944, Chapman (1963), 81, 350, with geometricB" Rows 9.1, 9.2: for 1937 and 1940, annual earnings are taken fromBBergson (1961), 422, and hours from Moorsteen, Powell (1966), 647./For subsequent years, see table G-7, rows 1, 2.GTable A-2. Price indices for munitions, 1941-1945, from NKO budget dataArmy, a< ir forceNavy" Row 1: table A-3, row 4.<" Row 2 (naval munitions): 1941 is as row 1; figures for theDchange of prices in each year after 1941 over the preceding year are/chained together from Terpilovskii (1967), 354.I" Row 3 (total): the two subindices are weighted by current shares of the>NKO (Army and air force) and NKVMF (navy) in overall munitionsFoutlays, from table K-3, rows 1, 10, yielding a Paasche index of price"change for munitions of all kinds.>Table A-3. A Paasche index of ground and air munitions prices,<1940-1945, from NKO budget data (million rubles and percent)(A) Million rublesEXP[t]SAV[t] EXP[t]+SAV[t]P[t]" Row 1: table K-3, row 1.0" Row 2: Terpilovskii (1967), 63, 80, 84, 86, 87I" Row 3: the sum of rows 1, 2 gives munitions outlays in each year, as if&in prices of the preceding year, i.e.:"EXP[t]+SAV[t] = EXP[t]P[t-1]/P[t]C" Row 4: the previous year (with 1940 = 100%), multiplied by row 1,divided by row 3, i.e.:%P[t] = P[t-1]EXP[t]/(EXP[t]+SAV[t]).2Table A-4: Retail trade turnover and prices, 1937,1940, and 1944, from Chapman7(A) Retail turnover (billion rubles and current prices) Total trade Kolkhoz trade!(B) Price level (percent of 1937)(" Rows 1-3, 5, 6: Chapman (1963), 104-5.5" Row 4: the average of rows 5, 6, weighted by shares%in retail turnover at current prices.?Table A-5. Retail trade turnover and prices, 1940 and 1942-19454(B) Retail turnover (billion rubles and 1940 prices)!(C) Price level (percent of 1940)2" Rows 1-6: GARF, f. 4372, op. 4, d. 1585, l. 213.)" Rows 7-9: rows 1-3 divided by rows 4-6.ITable B-1. Finished output of ground and air munitions, quarterly series,1941-1945 (units)(A) Combat aircraftIIIIIIIV(B) Armoured vehicles(C) Guns(D) Shells (million)(E) Small arms (000s)(F) Cartridges (million)(A): as Harrison (1985), 251.5(B)-(F): RTsKhIDNI, f. 71, op. 25, d. 7882, ll. 4-20.ATable B-2. Munitions prices, 1941-1945 (thousand rubles per unit) (A) AircraftIak-1Iak-7Iak-9Il-2Il-4Li-2La-5Pe-2U-2KVT-34T-34-85 (C) Armament 7.62 mm riflePPSh machine pistol Machine guns 7.62mm Degtarev 7.62mm MaximAntitank rifles 14.5mm Degtiarev 14.5mm SimonovAntitank cannon 45mm (1934) 45mm (1937) Tank guns 76mm F-34 76mm ZIS-5 76mm (1927)Divisional cannon 76mm USV 76mm ZIS-3 Howitzers 122mm M-30 122mm 152mmMortars 50mm (company) 82mm 120mmAircraft cannon 20mm 23mmJ" Rows 1-9: Terpilovskii (1967), 84, 87; RGAE, f. 4372, op. 93, d. 720, l.?72 (prices listed under 1 January, 1942, and 1 March, 1943, areAassumed to have prevailed through 1941 and 1942 respectively; see#further below), and d. 1044, l. 72.I" Rows 10-12: Terpilovskii (1967), 87; the same or similar figures can beHfound in RGAE, f. 4372, op. 93, d. 720, l. 72 (prices listed in archivalAdocuments for 1 January, 1942, and 1 March, 1943, are the same as?those given by Terpilovskii as prevailing through 1941 and 19424respectively), d. 1095, ll. 3-4, and d. 1110, l. 67.J" Rows 13-22.2: Terpilovskii (1967), 87; RGAE, f. 4372, op. 93, d. 720, l.=assumed to have prevailed through 1941 and 1942 respectively)0Table B-3. Warship prices, 1944 (million rubles) Torpedo boat duraluminum steel Sea launch Patrol vesselSubmarine type K Destroyer Light cruiser)Source: RGAE, f. 4372, op. 93, d. 718, l.52, and d. 1173, l. 10.0Table B-4. Regression output: testing for change,in the structure of Soviet munitions prices, 1941-1943Dependent variable:lp(42) ObservationsDegrees of freedomRegression output: constant SEE R-squaredIndependent variable:lp(41)lp(43) X-coefficient SE of coefficient t-statistic2For data see table B-2 (all values are transformed7into logarithms, so lp(t) is the logarithm of the price4in rubles in period t). The PPSh (machine pistol) is,excluded from the second regression (1942 on01943), since its 1943 price was clearly set "too'low" (the error was corrected in 1944).BTable B-5. Finished output of ground and air munitions, 1941-1945:(alternative estimates (percent of 1940)(A) Harrison (1996)AircraftArmoured vehiclesArmament small arms Ammunition shells, etc cartridges(B) Harrison (1990)(C) IVOVSS (1965)Aircraft industry Tank industryArmament industryAmmunition industry@" Rows 1-4.2: product series are from Kostyrchenko (1994), 235-7N(aircraft), and RTsKhIDNI, f. 71, op. 25, d. 7882, ll. 4-20 (other munitions).#For methods of valuation, see text.H" Rows 5-8: calculated from Harrison (1990), 582 (series based on 1941).'" Rows 9-12: IVOVSS, vol. 6 (1965), 52.7Table B-6. Finished output of ground and air munitions:@representativeness of output series in physical units, 1941-1944.(billion rubles at current prices and percent) (A) Defence commissariat outlays Air armamentAFV, other vehicles AFV armament vehicles, tractorsArtillery armamentOther armament(B) ProductionAFV(C) Production, % of outlaysArmament, ammunition>" Rows 1-5: defence commissariat outlays, as table K-3, row 1,>are disaggregated using percent shares in budget spending fromTerpilovskii (1967), 67.E" Rows 6-10: product series, calculated initially as if in prevailing>ruble prices of 1942 (as table B-5 (A)), are then converted toBcurrent prices on the basis of price regressions reported in table;B-4, additionally assuming no price change between 1943 and1944.>" Rows 11-15: representativeness of product series is measuredEby dividing (A) into (B) as follows: row 1 into row 6, row 2 into row97, row 3 into the sum of rows 8 and 9, row 5 into row 10.MTable B-7. Finished output of ground and air munitions, annual and quarterly,21941-1945: alternative estimates (percent of 1940)Annual I II III IVV(A): see text; the last quarter of 1945 is filled in on the basis of a quarterly indexPof "war production" through 1945 (percent of the first quarter) in IVMV, vol. 11 (1980), 348.J(B): calculated from Harrison (1990), 585 (series based on 1941, excludingnaval munitions).(C): IVOVSS, vol. 6 (1965), 45.ETable B-8. Naval munitions outlays, nominal and real, 1940-1945, fromTerpilovskii (percent of 1940)Planned outlays (% of 1940)Realised outlays percent of planRealised outlays (% of 1940)"" Row 1: Terpilovskii (1967), 334.P" Row 2.1: Terpilovskii (1967), 337, gives figures for 1941-4; 1940 and 1945 areassumed equal to 100%.'" Row 2.2: row 1, multiplied by row 2.1." Row 3: row 2.2, divided by table B-2, row 2.RTable B-9. Finished output of munitions, 1940-1945: alternative estimates (billionrubles< at 1937 prices)Ground, air munitions for Red Army for NKVDNaval munitionsMunitions, total (% of 1940)J" Row 1: for 1940, the sum of rows 1.1, 1.2. Other years: 1940, multiplied"by index numbers as table B-7 (A).T" Row 1.1: for 1940: nominal outlays of the defence commissariat (table K-3, row 1),Ndeflated to 1937 prices by table A-1, row 1. Other years: row 1, less row 1.2.D" Row 1.2: calculated as 1940 nondefence consumption (table 5-8, rowD3), multiplied by the proportion of 1941-plan nondefence consumptionIallocated to the defence industries (table F-5, col. 28 and row 8). OtherAyears: interpolated on numbers of NKVD troops (table I-8, row 2).O" Row 2: nominal outlays of the navy commissariat (table K-3, row 10), deflatedPto 1940 prices by table B-2, row 2, then to 1937 prices by table B-1, row 1 (for1940).!" Row 3.1: interpolated on row 3.E" Row 4: calculated from Harrison (1990), 585 (series based on 1941).0Table C-1. Civilian industry products, 1940-1945Crude steel, '000 tonsPig iron, total, '000 tons1.2a conversion1.2b foundry1.2cTubular steel, total, '000 tonsRolled metal, total, '000 tons1.4a roofing steel1.4b rails1.4c wire1.4dIron ore, '000 tonsManganese ore, '000 tonsCopper, '000 tonsAluminium, '000 tonsLead, '000 tonsZinc, '000 tonsNickel, '000 tons Tin, tonsCoke, '000 tonsCoal, '000 tons3.02a black3.02b brownPeat, '000 tonsShale, '000 standard tonsFirewood, '000 standard tonsOil, '000 tonsGas, million cu. m.Petrol, total, '000 tonsKerosene, '000 tons3.10Diesel fuel, '000 tons3.11Motor fuel, '000 tons3.12Fuel oil, '000 tonsSoda ash, '000 tonsCaustic soda, 92%, '000 tonsMineral fertilizer, '000 tonsSynthetic ammonia, '000 tonsNitric acid, conc, '000 tonsSulphuric acid, '000 tonsToluene, '000 tonsSynthetic dyestuffs, '000 tons Continued.Table C-1 (continued).Lathes6.01a turret6.01b automatic, semiautomatic6.01c milling6.01d planing6.01e drilling6.01fPressesSteam turbinesHydraulic turbines Steam boilersDiesel enginesSteam turbine generatorsHydraulic turbine generatorsElectric motors >100kwElectric motors <100kw, '000Power transformersTelephone switchboardsTrunkline steam locomotivesTrunkline diesel locomotivesTrunkline electric locomotivesTrunkline freight carsTrunkline passenger cars Tram cars Automobiles6.19a trucks, buses6.19b carsBearings, millionTractors6.21a caterpillar6.21b wheeledTractor ploughs Horse ploughsTractor ridge ploughsTractor harrows Horse harrowsTractor seed-drillsHorse seed-drillsTractor potato-plantersTractor cultivatorsHorse cultivatorsGrain combinesTractor mowers Horse mowers Tractor rakes Horse rakesTractor threshersHorse threshersGrain cleanersSilage cuttersExcavators multibucketExcavators single bucketScrapers, bulldozersGradersConcrete mixersCranes Elevators!Commercial timber, million cu. m.Firewood, million cu. m.Sawn timber, million cu. m.Plywood, '000 cu. m.Matches, million boxesPaper, '000 tonsCardboard, '000 tonsCement, '000 tons"Building/technical lime, '000 tonsBuilders' plaster, '000 tonsBricks, millionSlates, millionRolled roofing, '000 sq. m.Tiles, millionWindow glass, '000 sq. m.Cotton textile, million m.Woolen materials, '000 m.Linen materials, '00      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~0 m.Silk materials, '000 m.Socks, stockings, '000 prsLeather footwear, '000 prsClocks and watches, '000Radios and TVs, '000Refrigerators Sewing machines , '000Cameras , '000Bicycles , '000Sugar, granulated, '000 tonsSugar, refined, '000 tonsMeat, excl. kolkhoz, '000 tonsFish, '000 tonsButter, '000 tonsVegetable oil, '000 tonsMargarine, '000 tonsTinned goods, million tinsConfectionery, '000 tonsMacaroni, '000 tonsRaw spirit, million dcl.Vodka, million dcl.Beer, million dcl.Salt, million tonsTea, '000 tonsCigarettes, billionMakhorka, million boxesTobacco, '000 tonsSoap, '000 tonsFlour, million tonsMilled groats, million tonsStarch, '000 tonsTreacle, '000 tonsSource: TsSU (1959), 69-269.4Table C-2. Civilian industry product prices, 1937 or near yearUnitRubles Crude steel1 tonPig iron Tubular steel1 metre Rolled metalIron ore Manganese oreCopper AluminiumLeadZincNickelTinCokeCoalPeatShaleFirewoodOilGasPetrolKerosene Diesel fuel Motor fuelFuel oil1 kWhSoda ashCaustic soda, 92%Mineral fertilizerSynthetic ammoniaNitric acid, conc.Sulphuric acidTolueneSynthetic dyestuffsTable C-2 (continued.)Table C-2 (continued).Commercial timber1 cu. m. Sawn timberPlywoodMatches10 boxes CardboardCementBuilding/technical limeBuilders' plasterBricksSlatesRolled roofingTiles Window glass1 sq. m.Cotton textileWoolen materialsLinen materialsSilk materialsSocks, stockings1 pairLeather footwearClocks and watchesRadios and TVsSewing machinesCameras Bicycles Sugar, granulated1 kgSugar, refinedMeat, excl. kolkhozFishButter Vegetable oil Margarine Tinned goods ConfectioneryMacaroni Raw spiritVodka1 litreBeerSaltTea100 gm CigarettesMakhorka1 boxTobaccoSoapFlour Milled groatsStarchTreacle;Jasny (1951b), Jasny (152), Kaplan et al. (1952), Moorsteen>(1962), Chapman (1963), Zaleski (1980). The price recorded for?each product is from as near to 1937 as possible, in most cases>from the period 1936-7, but in a few cases from as far away as:1946. Some prices required further adjustment of units forDcompatibility with product series (for example, a price is given forCfirewood per cubic metre, whereas its output figure is expressed intons.DTable C-3. Civilian industry gross output by branch, 1941-1945 (1937DSource: products (table C-1), multiplied by 1937 prices (table C-2).FTable D-1. From gross output to value added: basic and light industry,1940 and 1942-1944(A) Basic industryNominal value added sharesProduct price indexp*Hourly wage indexw*Input price indexn*Unit labour requirement indexl*Disturbance factorReal value added index ratiov(B) Light industry#" Row 1: calculated from table F-5.H" Rows 2, 3, 4: index numbers of prices of basic industrial products andAconsumer products (p), and of the hourly wage (w), are taken fromBtable A-1. For both branches of industry, the price index of basic=industrial products is taken as a proxy for input prices (n).K" Row 5: unit labour requirements are calculated as the reciprocal of indexInumbers of gross output per hour worked by manual employees. Gross outputQof basic and light industry at 1937 factor costs in 1940 is taken from table F-8,Rcol. 1; for years after 1940, figures are interpolated on index numbers from table-4-8, with results as follows (billion rubles)=Hours worked in basic and light industry are taken from tableG-6, rows 2-3.G" Row 6: the disturbance factor (delta ), the proportional deviation ofItransfer prices from unit costs attributable to turnover taxes and budget+subsidies is taken from table D-2, row 4.1.B" R< ow 7: the ratio of an index of value added to an index of gross:output, when both are expressed as percentages of 1940, is:calculated from rows 1-6 as shown in equations 27 and 27a.<Table D-2. From gross output to net value added: disturbance@factors in basic and light industry, 1940 and 1942-1944 (billion%rubles at current prices and percent)Nominal gross output, gross of turnover taxes net of turnover taxes Turnover taxSubsidy from budgetTotal disturbance disturbance factor (%)9" Row 1: nominal gross output (including depreciation) is=calculated at prevailing prices, gross of turnover taxes (row>1.1) as the same net of turnover taxes (row 1.2) plus turnover>taxes (row 2). Nominal gross output net of turnover taxes (row@1.2) is calculated from the value of gross output at 1937 factor=costs, multiplied by index numbers of product prices of basic<and light industry based on 1937, from table A-1. Figures of>real gross output of basic and light industry are given in thenote to table D-1, row 5.@" Row 2: the total of turnover taxes, given by TsSU (1959), 457,?is allocated in the same proportion as in table F-4, col. 3, asfollows: to basic industry to light industry:" Row 3: budget subsidies to industry, from Zverev (1958),1212, are allocated 100 percent to basic industry." Row 4: the sum of rows 2, 3.'" Row 4.1: the ratio of row 4 to row 1.KTable D-3. From finished output to value added: defence industry, 1940-1945Input per hour worked indexm*Y" Row 1: for 1940, see table F-5; this is the share of value added in finished, not grossToutput (i.e. gross output, less intraindustry use). For other years, extrapolated toother years from equation 31." Row 2: table A-1, row 1." Row 3: table G-7, row 2.1a." Row 4: table A-1, row 2." Row 5: see text." Row 6: as equation 30." Row 7: as equation 29.ATable D-4. Output and productivity in defence industry, 1940-1945)(rubles at 1937 factor cost and millions).(A) Gross and finished output (billion rubles)Finished outputIntraindustry use Gross output rubles per worker rubles per hour worked (B) Value added (billion rubles)Interindustry supplyGross value addedNet value added(C) EmploymentEmployees, millionsHours worked, millions" Rows 1, 4: table B-9, row 3.K" Row 2: for 1940, row 3, less row 1; extrapolated to other years on row 5.P" Row 3: for 1940, table F-8, row 8, col. 1; for other years, row 1, plus row 2.#" Row 3.1: row 3, divided by row 9.$" Row 3.2: row 3, divided by row 10.P" Row 5: for 1940, row 4, less row 6; for other years, extrapolated on the basis5of row 1, multiplied by table D-3, row 5 times row 7.R" Row 6: for 1940, row 1, multiplied by table D-3, row 1 (also, table F-8, col. 2,Nrow 8); extrapolated to other years on the basis of row 1, multiplied by table3D-3, row 6 (also, row 4, less row 5 in this table).O" Row 7: for 1940, table F-8, col. 3, row 8; extrapolated to other years on row6.H" Row 8: row 6, less row 7 (for 1940, also table F-8, cols 4, 5, row 8).#" Row 8.1: row 8, divided by row 9.$" Row 8.2: row 8, divided by row 10.J" Row 9: for 1940, public sector employment in MBMW (3,519,000, from tableMG-1, row 1, col. 2) is mutliplied by the defence industry share in total MBMWKvalue added (table 4.7, col. 1, rows 1.1 and 1.2). Employment in subsequentKyears is taken from hours worked (row 8) divided by hours worked per workerin MBMW, from table G-6, row 5.I" Row 10: for 1940, row 9, multiplied by hours worked per worker in MBMW,Kfrom table G-6, row 5. Hours worked in subsequent years are interpolated on&row 1, multiplied by table D-3, row 7.ITable D-5. Defence industry, 1940-1945: sums of input/output coefficientsTechnical coefficientsLeontief multipliersO" Row 1: for 1940 table F-6, row 8; for other years, table D-4, the sum of rows"2, 5, divided by table D-4, row 3.N" Row 2: calculated by inversion of the (I-A)-matrix appropriate to each year,as table F-6, col. 2.BTable E-1. Ground and air munitions: alternative measures of price#change, 1940-1945 (percent of 1942)From NKO budget dataFrom regression equationsFrom Narkomfin budget data3" Row 2: as table B-4, setting 1941 equal to row 1.Q" Row 3: the numerator is nominal NKO outlays (table K-3, row 1); the denominatorWis the real total availability of finished ground and air munitions to the army and airRforce (table B-9, row 1.1), plus the foreign supply of weapons (table J-1, row 8).4Table E-2. Unit costs in defence industry, 1940-1945)(annual change, percent of previous year)(A) From Voznesenskii(B) From ministerial files(A) Voznesensky (1948), 108.E(B) RTsKhIDNI, f. 71, op. 25, d. 7882, l. 20 (the tank and ammunitionCindustries), d. 7883, l. 90 (the aircraft industry). Unit costs areG"sebestoimost' sravnimoi produktsii" (the cost of comparable products).7Table E-3. Ground and air munitions: unit costs, fourthquarter (rubles)(A) Armoured vehiclesT-34 (plant 112)T-34 (plant 183) (B) Armament122mm howitzer37mm antiaircraft cannon76mm divisional cannon T-34 tank gun45mm antitank cannon14.5mm Degtiarev antitank rifle7.62mm self-loading rifle 7.62mm rifle3" Rows 1, 2: RGAE, f. 4372, op. 93s, d. 1109, l. 4.4" Rows 3-11: RGAE, f. 4372, op. 93s, d. 1109, l. 50.)Table E-4. Regression output: testing the4average-cost pricing hypothesis in defence industry,Dependent variablel(price)l(cost))Prices are from table B-2, and unit costs+from table E-3. Data from several years are*pooled. All variables are transformed intologarithms. Where the number of*observations of cost exceeds the number of&price observations, the mean is taken.JTable E-5. Ground and air munitions: direct labour requirements in defence5industry, 1941-1945 (hours worked per unit of output) Pe-2 bomber Il-4 bomber Il-2 fighter-bomber KV heavy tank T-34 medium tank 152mm howitzer divisional gun 76mm regimental gun large-calibre machine gun rifle TT cartridge (per 1000) (B) From armament ministry files160mm MT-VM mortar152mm howitzer (1937)85mm antiaircraft cannon122mm howitzer (1938)57mm ZIS-2 antitank cannon!76mm antiaircraft cannon platform23mm Volkov-Iartsev cannonAntiaircraft rangefinder12.7mm BZT-44 cartridges (1000) 7.62 ShKAS wing-m< ounted AC m/gun PP-1 gunsight (m/gun, AT cannon)7.62mm Degtiarev infantry m/gunOP2-L optical gunsight 7.62mm GB cartridge clips (1000)7.62mm carbine (1938)7.62mm TT cartridges (1000)(A): Voznesensky (1948), 92..(B): RTsKhIDNI, f. 71, op. 25, d. 7882, l. 24.2Table E-6. Ground and air munitions: direct labour8requirements in defence industry, 1943-1945: alternative,figures (hours per unit and percent of 1941)(A) Present estimatePer ruble gross output at 1937 factor cost(B) From Voznesenskii TT cartridgeArithmetic mean (C) From armament ministry files 23mm Volkov-Iartsev (VIa) cannon7.62mm GB cartridge clip7.62mm TT cartridge*" Row 1: calculated from table D-3, row 7.?" Rows 2-5, 7.01-7.13: the change in hours per unit of finished"output, calculated from table E-4.)" Row 6: the arithmetic mean of rows 2-5./" Row 8: the arithmetic mean of rows 7.01-7.13.5Table E-7. Employment in defence industry, 1940-1945:alternative figures (millions)(A) Present estimates MBMW, total manual nonmanual(B) Archival sourcesDefence industry narkomaty, industrial employees Four defence industry narkomaty: all employees (I) all employees (II)Six defence industry narkomaty:" Row 1: table D-4, row 9.T" Row 2: for 1940, table G-1, col. 2, row 1; for other years, row 2.1, plus row 2.2." Row 2.1: table G-5, row 5.1.Q" Row 2.2: for 1940, row 2, less row 2.1; for other years, the total of nonmanualQemployees in industry (table G-5, row 6), multiplied by the 1940 share of MBMW in)the total (table G-1, col. 2, rows 1, 12)S" Row 3: RGAE, f. 4372, op. 41, d. 553, l. 108. The figure shown is calculated fromLthe source as the sum of manual and nonmanual employees and ITR (engineeringIand technical workers). The commissariats are not specified, but probablyScomprised the aircraft, armament, ammunition, and shipbuilding industries (i.e. theLold defence industry commissariat, which was broken up in January 1939). The&figure shown is for the month of June.K" Row 4: these were the commissariats for the aircraft and tank industries,Oarmament, and ammunition. Row 4.1 is from RGAE, f. 4372, op. 44, d. 450, l. 11;Sthe 1942 figure is for the fourth quarter, and the 1943 figure for June. Row 4.2 isSfrom ibid., d. 1336, l. 74; figures are for September in each year. Row 4.3 is fromSRTsKhIDNI, f. 644, op. 1, d. 329, l. 6 (1944), and d. 457, ll. 31-2 (1945); numbersNshown are based on ration entitlement, rather than employment status. The 1944Lfigure is for the fourth quarter, and the 1945 figure for the third quarter.N" Row 5: these were the commissariats for the aircraft, tank, and shipbuildingLindustries, armament and mortar armament, and ammunition (i.e. as row 4, butQwith shipbuilding and mortar armament as well). Otherwise, row 5.1 is as row 4.2,and row 5.2 is as row 4.3.DTable F-1. The Soviet economy, 1941-plan compared with 1940 results 1941-1940plan(A) Physical productsElectricity, bn kWh Coal, mn tonsPetroleum, mn tonsPig iron, mn tonsSteel, mn tons crude steel high-grade rolled steelMetal-cutting machine tools, 000sMotor vehicles, 000sTractors, 000sRailway locomotives, 000sRailway trucks, 000sSoda ash, 000 tonsCement, mn tonsSawn timber, mn cu. m.Field crops, mn tons grain cotton fibre sugar beet potatoes Meat, mn tonsFish catch, mn centnersAnimal fats, 000 tonsLump sugar, mn tonsConserves, bn cans (400 gm)Alcoholic spirit, mn dclCotton cloth, bn m.Leather footwear, mn prsFreight, bn ton/km rail freight river freightUnweighted mean((B) GNP (billion rubles and user prices)Government, security#" Col. 1: TsSU (1959), 8-15 and ff.%" Col. 2: SNK-TsK (1941), 3-6 and ff.(B) GNP" Col. 1: Bergson (1961), 46.'" Col. 2: Kaplan et al. (1952), 131-42.7Table F-2. Identified outlays on intermediate goods and:services and factor services in the 1941-plan input/output4table (percent of gross output at prevailing prices)KaplanRevised+(A) Total outlays (percent of gross output) PetroleumFabricated metal productsTimber, wood productsPaper, paper productsTextilesOther industries17aCommunications20a20bPersonal services20cHousing services20dGovernment services"" Col. 1: Kaplan et al. (1952), 7." Col. 2: see text.2Table F-3. Gross national product in the 1941-plan9input/output table (billion rubles and prevailing prices)GNP (expenditure) GNP (output) GNP (income)8" Col. 2: see text. GNP (expenditure) is measured by the5sum of final demands, GNP (output) is measured by the6sum of gross output, less intermediate inputs, and GNP6(income) is measured by the sum of incomes reported as0accruing to households, government, and economicorganisations.CTable F-4. The 1941-plan input/output table: depreciation, indirectFtaxation, and price deflators (million rubles at prevailing prices and Deflator,% ofgrossplan,valueadded1937Con. materials$" Col. 1: Kaplan et al. (1952), 145.$" Col. 3: Kaplan et al. (1952), 127.I" Cols 2, 4: cols 1, 3, divided by gross value added at prevailing prices(table F-3, col. 35.)D" Col. 5: it being assumed with one exception (row 7) that 1941-planCprices were based on 1940 prevailing prices, 1940/37 price and (forHservice sectors) hourly wage cost ratios are taken as follows: rows 1-6,G9, 11-12 from table A-1, row 4; row 7 from table A-1, row 3; row 8 fromGtable A-1, row 1; row 10 from table A-1, row 5.1; rows 13-16 from tableFA-1, row 7; row 17 from table A-1, row 7, multiplied by 113% being theJestimate of Kaplan et al. (1952), 78, of the ratio of 1941-plan prices forHagricultural products to 1940 prices; row 17a from table A-1, row 5; row>18 from table A-1, row 6; rows 19-20e from table A-1, row 8.2.RTable F-5. The 1941-plan input/output table (million rubles and 1937 factor costs)Elec-Petr-Iron,Non-Fab.tricoleumsteelferr-metalpower(civ-(mil-ousprodsilian)itary)metals5aFrom:Iron, steel (civ.)Iron, steel (mil.)20fIntermediate inputs23a Total outlaysTable F-5 (continued).Chemi-Con-Tim-Paper,Text-LightFoodindus-calsstr.ber,paperilespro-triesmater-woodtrycess-ialsuctsAgri-Trans-Comm- Services:cult-stru-portuni-urectioncatnscomm-pers-unalonal Consumption:Govt,inter-finalsecur-hous-govern-mili-med.demandhouse-itymenttaryholdCapital formation:Def-Grossenceoutputtotalproducerinvent-constr-durablesories,inputsuctionetc.bSource: for the original, see Kaplan et al. (1952), 7. Revisions are described in the text. Labels^and row and column numbering are mainly as in the original; additions are identified by letterpostscripts (e.g. row 22a).?Table < F-6. The revised 1941-plan input-output table (rubles and'1937 factor cost): sums of coefficients TechnicalLeontief coefficients multipliersIron, steel (civilian)Iron, steel (military)ASource: calculated from table F-5; for explanation, see text. The?military branch of ferrous metallurgy (row 5a) is modelled as a<sub-sector of the iron and steel industry which does not add>value but only nonferrous metals to iron and steel used by thedefence industries (row 8).=Table F-7. Gross national product by final use, 1928-44, from-Bergson (billion rubles and 1937 factor cost) retail purchases (households)1.1a in official sector1.1b in kolkhoz sector housing; services farm consumption in kind military subsistenceGovernment consumption communal services govt. admin., security defence (budget) fixed totalSource: Bergson (1961), 128.HTable F-8. Gross output and value added in industry by branch of origin,51940 (million rubles at 1937 factor cost and percent)Depre-Netciationadded,unadj.adj.7-8 fab. metal products defence industriesTimber, paper, products1-16?" Cols. 1, 2: final demand aggregates for 1940, from table F-7,<distributed among processing sectors in the same proportions>as for 1941-plan (table F-5), are multiplied into the LeontiefImatrix (as table F-6) for gross outputs (col. 1), from which intermediate3inputs are deducted for gross value added (col. 2).9" Col. 3: table F-4, col. 2, gives allowances for capital>consumption by branch of industry for 1941-plan, in prevailing;plan prices, converted to percentages of gross value added.<These are used to calculate depreciation in 1937 prices fromcol. 1." Col. 4 col. 2, less col. 3.F" Col. 5: first, the figure for defence industry value added in col. 4B(row 8) is carried across, leaving 77.1 billion rubles of civilianCindustry value added in col. 4. Second, the col. 2 figure for grossDvalue added in "other industries" (row 16), inflated by inability to;account for intermediate supply of this branch, is adjustedAdownward, being fixed in the same ratio to net value added in the7textile, light, and food industries (rows 13-15) as the?corresponding employment ratio (it being assumed that net value3added per worker in these branches was comparable).?According to the note attached to table G-1, row 11, employmentCin 1940 under "other industry", including the printing industry but?excluding nonferrous metallurgy, may be set at roughly 642,000,7compared with 4,421,000 employees of the light and foodBindustry (including artisan industry). This fixes the ratio of theAfigure in row 16 to the sum of rows 13-15, and reduces the col. 4Dsubtotal for civilian industry to 69.0 billion rubles. Last, all theCfigures for civilian industry are scaled to fit the row 17 total ofC64.5 billion rubles of net value added in civilian industry derived%from Moorsteen, Powell (1966), 622-3.?Table F-9. Gross national product by sector of origin, 1940 and01941-plan (billion rubles and 1937 factor cost) Gross valueCol. 2, added from the input/added: of col. 3: output table:1-7,Civilian industries, 9-15 excl. "other industries"Transport, communications20a-d excl. rows 16, 17a4" Col. 1, gross value added from table F-5, col. 35.*" Col. 2: calculated as table F-8, col. 2.:" Col. 3: rows 1-16, as table F-8, col. 5; rows 17-20, as Moorsteen, Powell (1966), 622-3.$" Col. 4: col. 2, divided by col. 3.5Table G-1. Employment in public sector industry, 1940(millions and percent)Pre-1960 Post-1960classification chemicals, petrochemicalsTimberPrinting8The most important difference between industry totals in6cols 1 and 2 is the exclusion of employment in artisan=industry (see table G-3) from the former and its inclusion in the latter.7" Col. 1: the industry total (row 12), in millions, and7percentages (rows 1-10) are given in TsSU (1956), 43-4.5Other figures are calculated by me. Row 11 is row 12,less the sum of rows 1-10.;" Col. 2: industry and sector totals, rows 1-10 and 12, are:given in TsSU (1966), 140. Other figures are calculated by0me. Row 11 is row 12, less the sum of rows 1-10.6" Row 11 is a residual calculated from figures in each:source. In the case of the pre-1960 classification, we are7told that industrial workers employed on building sites9were included in the total, but not in the subtotals, and3there were 600,000 of them in 1960, suggesting that;these account for most of the 1940 residual. In the case of3the post-1960 classification, the residual included8employees in nonferrous metallurgy and printing, and may4be further decomposed roughly as follows (millions): Not specifiedOther industry, total;The figure for the printing industry is from col. 1, row 8;5that for nonferrous metallurgy shows employment under3Narkomtsvetmet for the second quarter of 1940, from<RGAE, f. 4372, op. 41, d. 553, l. 108; it therefore includes6nonindustrial employees of the commissariat, and omits4employees of other commissariats engaged in sidelinenonferrous metallurgy.BTable G-2. Employment in public sector industry, excluding artisan9industry,1940-1945 (pre-1960 classification and millions)(A) All employees(B) Manual employeesBasic industry, total other basic industryLight industry, total" Row 1: TsSU (1959), 414.," Rows 2, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5: TsSU (1959), 82.*" Row 3: row 5, less the sum of rows 2, 4.K" Row 3.2: row 3, less row 3.1. This assumes, in line with figures for 1940Cshown in table F-1, that all employees not elsewhere specified wereLemployed in basic industry other than iron and steel (i.e. rows 3-8 in table!G-1, plus nonferrous metallurgy)."" Row 4: the sum of rows 4.1, 4.2.=Table G-3. Employment in artisan industry (arteli promyslovoi"kooperatsii), 1940-1945 (millions)Promkooperatsiia>" 1940: the difference between public sector employment totals>on the post-1960 and pre-1960 classifications, from table G-1,row 12, cols. 1, 2.)" 1941: interpolated on table G-2, row 4.H" 1942-5: GARF, f. 3922/4372, op. 4, d. 115, ll. 10-15; this source alsogives 2,200,000 for 1940.ATable G-4. Employment in NKVD industrial establishments by branch1940-1945 (millions)Source: table I-3, rows 2-2.4.GTable G-5. Employment in Soviet industry by type of establishment, type9of employee, and branch of activity, 1940-1945 (millions)(A) By type of establishmentNKVD.(B) By type of employee and branch of activityManual employees MBMW basic industry5.2a iron, steel5.2b other basicNonmanual employees" Row 1: table G-2, row 1." Row 2: table G-3, row 1." Row 3: table G-4, row 5.+" Row 5: the sum of rows 5.1, 5.2, and 5.3.," Rows 5.1 and 5.2a: table G-2, rows 2, 3.1.)" Row 5.2: the sum of rows 5.2a and 5.2b.6" Row<  5.2b: table G-2, row 3.2, plus table G-4, row 5.(" Row 5.3: table G-2, row 4, plus row 2." Row 6: row 4, less row 5." Row 7: as row 4." Row 7.1: table D-4, row 9." Row 7.2: row 7, less row 7.1.FTable G-6. Hours worked in public sector industry, 1940-1945 (pre-1960$classification and manual employees)(A) Total hours, millions of which, non-MBMW(B) Hours per worker(C) Days per worker(D) Hours per dayL" Rows 1, 3.1, 3.2, 4: rows 5, 7.1, 7.2, 8, multiplied respectively by tableG-2, rows 2, 4.1, 4.2, 5." Row 2: row 4.1, less row 3.B" Row 3: the sum of rows 3.1, 3.2, except for 1940 which is row 7,multiplied by table G-2, row 4." Row 4.1: row 4, less row 1.I" Rows 5, 7.1, 7.2, 8: rows 9, 11.1, 11.2, 12, multiplied respectively byrows 13, 15.1, 15.2, 16.," Row 6: row 2, divided by table G-2, row 3.H" Row 7: row 11, multiplied by row 15, except for 1940 which is obtainedby interpolation on row 8.1.<" Row 8.1: row 4.1, divided by table G-2 (row 5 less row 2)." Rows 9-16: TsSU (1959), 86-9.ETable G-7: Wage earnings in public sector industry, 1940-1945 (rublesand percent of 1940) (A) Per yearWage earnings (rubles) (B) Per hour basic industry light industry@" Row 1: for 1940 and 1945, Mitrofanova (1971), 498; other years(are obtained by geometric interpolation." Row 1.1: based on row 1.," Row 2: row 1, divided by table G-6, row 8." Row 2.1: based on row 2.B" Rows 2.1a-2.1c: average annual earnings being assumed to grow inKeach case at the same rate as in industry as a whole, row 1.1 is divided by6an index of hours worked based on table G-6, rows 5-7.3Table H-1. Agricultural products, 1940-1945 (units)Grains, mn tonsPotatoes, mn tonsVegetables, mn tonsSunflower seeds, '000 tonsSugar beets, mn tonsRaw cotton, '000 tonsFlax fibre, '000 tonsWool, '000 tons Milk, mn tonsMeat (live weight), '000 tons Eggs, billion(" Rows 1, 2, 4-7: TsSU (1959), 275, 291." Row 3: table H-2, row 1.(" Rows 8-11: IVOVSS, vol. 6 (1965), 319.(Table H-2. Vegetable harvests, 1940-1945(A) VegetablesHarvest, mn. tonsSown area, mn ha.Yield, tons/ha. (B) PotatoesE" Row 1: for 1940 and 1945, see IVOVSS, 6 (1965), 67; for intervening!years, row 2 multiplied by row 3." Row 2: TsSU (1959), 302.J" Row 3: for 1940 and 1945, row 1 divided by row 2; for intervening years,interpolated on row 3.1.G" Row 3.1: for 1940 and 1945, based on row 3; for other years, based onJrow 5.1, corrected pro rata for the difference between rows 3.1 and 5.1 in1945." Row 4: TsSU (1959), 302.:" Row 5: table H-1, row 2, divided by row 4 of this table." Row 5.1: based on row 5.=Table H-3. Net investment in livestock, 1941-5 (million head)(A) All-Union herds, 1 JanuaryLarge horned stock cows other large horned stockPigs Sheep, goatsHorses$(B) Herds in rear regions, 1 January4(C) Evacuated from frontline to rear regions, 1941-2:(D) Herds in rear regions, less evacuated stock, 1 January(E) Net investment" Rows 1-10: TsSU (1959), 325." Rows 11-15: TsSU (1959), 281.J" Rows 16-20: the table assumes that three quarters of the livestock herdsFshown as having been evacuated during 1941-2 were present in livestockKherds of the rear regions on the first of 1942; 100 percent on the first ofL1943 and 1944; 50 percent on the first of 1945, and nil by the first of 1946H(in other words, it is assumed that evacuated stock died or was returned/to the western regions in the course of 1944-5)E" Rows 21-25: the change over each year in rows 16-20; that is, it isCassumed that all net investment took place in the rear regions (inIparticular, all disinvestment in the occupied territories is treated as aEcapital loss). Net investment in the rear regions is then measured byFdeducting the gain in evacuated stock from the change in total stocks.Table H-4. Prevailing prices of$agricultural products and livestock, 1937 (rubles) (A) Per ton Grains, tonsPotatoes, tonsVegetables, tonsSunflower seeds, tonsSugar beets, tonsRaw cotton, tonsFlax fibre, tons Wool, tons Milk, tonsMeat (live weight), tons(B) Per thousandEggs (C) Per headCowsOther large horned stock!" Rows 1-10: Bergson (1961), 324;Moorsteen, Powell (1966), 621." Rows 11-16: Moorsteen, Powell#(1966), 107; prices are for averageweight of 1932.ETable H-5. Agricultural gross output (billion rubles and 1937 prices)GrainsPotatoes VegetablesSunflower seeds Sugar beets Raw cotton Flax fibreWoolMilkMeat (live weight)SubtotalUnrecorded output of potatoes, vegetablesNet investment in livestock percent of 1937I" Rows 1-11: current yields (table H-1) valued at 1937 prices (table H-4, rows 1-11)." Row 12: the sum of rows 1-11.H" Row 13: fixed at 20 percent of the sum of rows 2, 3, in 1942 and 1945,40 percent in 1943-4.F" Row 14: net investment (table H-3, rows 21-25) valued at 1937 prices(table H-4, rows 11-15).%" Row 15: the sum of rows 12, 13, 14.B" Row 15.1: for 1940, Moorsteen, Powell (1966), 622-3; other yearsinterpolated on row 15.GTable I-1. Employment in the public sector, excluding artisan industry,01940-1945 (pre-1960 classification and millions) sovkhozy MTSSource: TsSU (1959), 414.GTable I-2. The collective farm working population, 1940-1945 (millions)(A) End of year Able bodiedYouthsRetired, unfit(B) Annual average " Row 1: Arutiunian (1970), 398.H" Row 2: Uchastie (1962), 26-7, except 1945 from Arutiunian (1970), 324.E" Row 3: Uchastie (1962), 26-7, except 1942 and 1945, interpolated onthe number of youths (row 2).E" Row 5: the average of the figures for 31 December of the given yearEand the preceding year, except 1940 for which the figure of the givenyear alone is taken.BTable I-3. Employment in NKVD establishments, 1940-1945 < (millions) timber?" Rows 1-4: row 5, multiplied by table I-4, corresponding rows." Row 5: table I-5, row 4.Table I-4. Employment in NKVD)establishments by branch, 1941-plan, fromMillionsSource: Jasny (1951c), 412-15.BTable I-5. Employment in NKVD establishments, 1940-1945 (millions)Total available Gulag prisoners labour-settlers SubcontractedUnfit for workRetained by NKVDD" Rows 1, 1.1, 1.2: for each year except 1941, the annual average isJcalculated from table I-6, rows 1-3 as the mean of the values on the firstJof the given year and the first of the year following. For 1941, see table I-7, col. 6."" Row 2: the sum of rows 2.1, 2.2.C" Row 2.1: the figure for 1944 is from Zemskov (1991), 25, being 17?percent of the annual average shown in row 1.1; other years areinterpolated on the latter row.E" Row 2.2: according to Zemskov (1992), 16, the figure for the secondGhalf of 1941 was 387,070, which is 41 percent of the average figure forFthe number of labour-settlers in the same period, estimated as 936,547Cin table I-7, row 2, col. 5. This percentage is applied to row 1.2.G" Row 3: according to Zemskov (1991), 23, of the Gulag population, 23.6Jpercent were unfit for work in 1941, rising to 25.5 percent in 1942. TheseEpercentages are applied to the total potentially available for forcedGlabour in NKVD establishments (row 1, less row 2), as follows: the 1941Fpercentage is applied to this total in 1940, 1941, and 1944-5, and the(1942 percentage to the total for 1942-3.-" Row 4: row 1, less the sum of rows 2 and 3.<Table I-6. Forced labourers, 1 January, 1940-1946 (millions)Gulag prisoners in camps in coloniesLabour-settlers%" Rows 1, 1.1, 1.2: Bacon (1994), 24.L" Row 2: Bacon (1994), 30; the 1946 figure is actually for 1 December, 1945.!" Row 3: the sum of rows 1 and 2.,Table I-7. Forced labourers, 1941 (millions)1941,1942,1941:1 Jan.1 Jul.firstsecondannualhalfaverage%" Cols 1, 3: table I-6, rows 1, 2, 3." Col. 2: Bacon (1992), 1077.I" Col. 4: row 1 is the average of cols 1, 2. Row 2 is interpolated on row$1. Row 3 is the sum of rows 1 and 2.L" Col. 5: row 1 is the average of cols 2, 3. Row 2 is a figure for 1 October7from Zemskov (1992), 17. Row 3 is the sum of rows 1, 2.#" Col. 6: the average of cols 4, 5.3Table I-8. Military personnel, 1940-1945 (millions) army navy NKVD troopsD" Row 1: the sum of rows 1.1 and 1.2, except for 1945 which is takenfrom Sokolov (1968), 215.F" Row 1.1: the 1940 figure is obtained as follows. Khrushchev gave theBsize of the army and navy at the beginning of 1941 as 4,200,000 inCPravda (15 Jan., 1960). However, this figure seems on the low side,Gsince the size of the Army was set at 3,990,993 in May, 1940, accordingDto Izv. TsK KPSS, 2 (1990), 180-1. According to Samsonov (1985), 24,Dthe ground forces alone totalled 4,261,000 (79% of 5,373,000) at theFbeginning of 1941. Here, Khrushchev's figure is applied to the Army as>an annual average for 1940. For 1941 I average an estimate ofJ5,000,000 for the first half with the September figure given in table I-9,Frow 1. For each year subsequent to 1941, I take the average of figures-for the given year shown in table I-9, row 1.?" Rows 1.2, 2: figures shown for 1940 and 1941 are interpolatedGfreehand on the basis of figures for 1942-4; the latter are averages ofFfigures for the given year shown in table I-9, rows 2, 3. According to;Samsonov (1985), 24, the Navy accounted for 312,000 service*personnel in May, 1940 (5.8% of 5,373,000.=Table I-9. Armed forces ration strength, 1941-1944 (millions)19411942(Sept.)(March)(May)(June)(July)(Aug.)1. Army, total1.1 regular rations1.2 reduced rations2. Navy, total3.3.13.2(Oct.)(Feb.)(Apr.)(Mar.)BSource: RTsKhDNI, f. 644, op. 1, d. 9, l. 50; d. 23, ll. 127-9; d.E33, ll. 48-50; d. 39, ll. 74-8; d. 41, ll. 163-5; d. 50, ll. 71-4; d.>61, ll. 88-91; d. 73, ll. 119-22; d. 85, ll. 95-6; d. 100, ll.?117-18; d. 125, ll. 35-6; d. 138, ll. 205-6; d. 218, ll. 101-4.FTable I-10. The working population by type of establishment, 1940-1945" Row 1: table I-1, row 7." Row 3: table I-2, row 5." Row 4: table I-3, row 5." Row 5: table I-8, row 3." Row 5: the sum of rows 1-5./Table I-11. The working population by branch ofactivity, 1940-1945 (millions)Employed population NKVDH" Row 1: table I-1, row 1, plus table I-2, row 5, plus table I-3, row 1.0" Rows 2, 2.1, 2.2: table G-5, rows 7, 7.1, 7.2.;" Rows 3, 4: table I-1, plus table I-3, corresponding rows.4" Rows 5, 6, 6.1-6.5: table I-1, corresponding rows.&" Row 7: sum of rows 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.(" Rows 8, 8.1, 8.2: table I-8, rows 1-3." Row 9: sum of rows 7, 8.5Table J-1. Net imports arriving, by processing branch'(million rubles and 1937 factor costs) ?Source: net imports arriving from the United States, in dollars5and by commodity (table J-2, rows 1-11.2) are matched6against rows (processing sectors) in table F-5. Non-US;goods (table J-2, row 13) are matched to processing sectors6in the same proportions as US goods. Dollar totals are@converted to 1937 ruble prices as follows (ruble/dollar ratios):Military goods Vehicles, basic industrial goodsOther machineryConsumer goods, foodstuffs5These derive ultimately from Bergson (1961), 99-100n,@directly so in the case of vehicles, industrial goods, and other3machinery. For consumer goods and foodstuffs I take=Bergson's valuation at 1937 prevailing prices including trade;margins and "extra processing costs", and then convert from>prevailing prices to factor costs on the basis of the ratio of5household purchases in the official sector in 1937 at7prevailing prices to the same at factor cost in Bergson8(1961), 130. For Soviet munitions, a wide range of ruble<prices of Soviet weapons is given in tables B-2 and B-3, and:it is argued in appendix E that Soviet wartime prices were:cost-related. Unit values of some lines of imported United=States weaponry can be calculated directly from United States5Department of Commerce (1945). Although the degree of2detail concerning weapon characteristics is rather9inadequate, rough comparisons under plausible assumptions9suggest 1944 purchasing power parities ranging from a few:kopecks to 4 rubles per dollar, with a central tendency of:approximately 2 rubles to the dollar. Therefore I take two@rubles as the dollar parity for munitions in 1944, and adjust it<to 2.8 rubles at 1937 prices on the basis that weapon< prices<rose by 20 percent, 1937-40, then fell by 41 percent, 1940-4(table A-1, row 1).9Table J-2. Net imports arriving, by origin and commodity,1941-1944 (million dollars) (A) US tradeAnimal products, edibleAnimal products, inedibleVeg. products, beveragesVeg. products, inedible rubber and mfrs tobacco hops oils seeds NESTextiles and mfrsWood and paper wood and products paper and productsNonmetallic minerals coal petroleum precious stonesMetals and mfrs ferroalloys metal productsMachinery, vehicles military nonmilitary machinery vehicles, partsChemicals and products Miscellaneous(B) Total tradeUS trade Non-US trade=" Rows 1-11.2: table J-4, less table J-3, corresponding rows;<but these figures are of United States origin, so adjustment<must be made for war losses due to sinkings en route in both7directions in 1941-2 in order to find the net inflow of8resources into the Soviet economy. For 1942 the value of5goods leaving American ports for the Soviet Union are6adjusted downward by 27 percent (from Harrison (1985),=258), and figures for Soviet goods arriving at American ports;are adjusted upward correspondingly, to allow for sinkings.<For 1941 half the correction is applied, and for other years"losses by sinking were negligible.!" Row 12: the sum of rows 1-11.2.6" Row 13: non-US goods: annual totals are estimated in;terms of UK reciprocal aid from sterling values for varying9periods given by Allen (1956), 535, converted freehand to5calendar years and wartime dollars as follows: 1942 -4$600m, 1943 - $400m, 1944 - $240m, then adjusted for9sinkings en route by subtracting 27 percent from the 1942$figure (as the note to rows 1-11.2).!" Row 14: the sum of rows 12, 13.7Table J-3. United States exports to the USSR, 1941-1944(million dollars) of which, military goods9Source: United States Department of Commerce (1945), 5-8.9Table J-4. Soviet exports to the United States, 1941-19444Source: United States Department of Commerce (1945),9-10.ATable K-1. Defence outlays, 1937 and 1940-1945, from Terpilovskii(A) Defence commissariatPay Other wages of which (% of 1940) repairs(B) Navy commissariatDefence as a wholeH" Rows 1-3: row 6, multiplied by the respective shares of these items inBtotal defence commissariat outlays in each year, from Terpilovskii(1967), 66, 214-15."" Row 4: Terpilovskii (1967), 157.)" Row 5: row 6, less the sum of rows 1-4.$" Row 5.1: Terpilovskii (1967), 116.$" Row 5.2: Terpilovskii (1967), 105.%" Row 6: Terpilovskii (1967), 57, 66." Row 7: row 8, less row 6.!" Row 8: Terpilovskii (1967), 29.?Table K-2. Outlays of the defence and navy commissariats, July,31941-June, 1945 (million rubles and current prices)2.32.42.54.5.=RGAE, f. 7733, op. 36, d. 1892, l. 86. "Munitions" are zakazy<vooruzheniia i boevoi tekhniki; "maintenance" is soderzhanie?armii or soderzhanie flota, and "pay" is denezhnoe soderzhanie;>"personal kit" (for which thanks to Peter Wiles) is veshchevoe soderzhanie.CTable K-3. Estimated defence outlays, 1940-1945 (billion rubles andcurrent prices)Clothing, etc.FuelRepairs, other1For 1942-4, see table K-2; other years, as below." Row 1: table K-1, row 1.%" Row 2: table K-1, row 2 plus row 3.G" Rows 3-5: row 9, multiplied by the ratio of each row to row 9 in 1942!(for 1940-1), or 1944 (for 1945)." Row 6: table K-1, row 4.E" Rows 7, 8: table K-1, row 5.1 or 5.2 (index numbers), calibrated by11942 value (for 1940-1) or 1944 value (for 1945)." Row 9: table K-1, row 6.C" Row 10: index numbers from table B-8, row 2.2, calibrated by 1942,value (for 1940-1) or 1944 value (for 1945).F" Rows 11-17: row 18, multiplied by the ratio of each row to row 18 in&1942 (for 1940-1), or 1944 (for 1945)." Row 18: table K-1, row 7.?Table K-4. Estimated defence outlays, 1940-1945 (billion rublesand 1937 prices) domestic supply foreign supply Clothing, etc+" Row 1.1: table B-9 (row 1.1, plus row 2)." Row 1.2: table J-1, row 8." Row 2: table 5-1, row 7.1.<" Rows 3-8: table K-3, the sums of rows 3 and 12, 4 and 13,Aetc., deflated as follows: rows 3, 4 by prices in official retail?trade (table A-1, row 7.1), row 5 by prices of basic industrialAgoods (table A-1, row 4), row 6 by railway freight charges (table>A-1, row 6), row 7 by construction charges (table A-1, row 5),3row 8 by munitions input prices (table A-1, row 2)." Row 9: the sum of rows 1-8./Table L-1. Defence outlays on final products by5processing sector, 1940 and 1942-1944 (million rublesat 1937 factor cost)Gross of importsNet of imports Defence total percent of GDP5Real defence outlays, gross of imports, as table K-4;4outlays net of imports are calculated by subtracting6figures for total net imports in table J-1, rows 1-17..Table L-2. Gross output for defence use, 19402and 1942-1944 (million rubles at 1937 factor cost)7Defence outlays (table L-1), multiplied by the Leontief,matrix for each year, as tables F-6 and D-5.*Table L-3. Defence requirements, including9direct-plus-indirect requirements of de-stocking (percentof available output)4Gross output for defence use (table L-2), divided by:gross output available (calculated as direct-plus-indirect4requirements of total final demand, less demand for0stockbuilding (F-DS), multiplied by the Leontiefmatrix for each year.KTable L-4. Value added for defence use by processing sector (million rublesand 1937 factor cost) % of GDP/Gross outputs for defence use (table L-2), less0intermediate inputs (calculated as gross outputs7multiplied by sums of technical coefficients, as tables F-6 and D-5).6Table L-5. Employment in supply of defence uses (000s) % of total employment3Value added for defence use (table L-4), divided by'value added per worker, from table 5-7.Table M-1. Rearing costs, 1940+Household consumption, 1940, billion rublesTotal population, 1940, million adults children (0-14 years)Adult:child differentialAnnual cost per child, rublesYears of rearing%Total rearing cost per person, rubles" Row 1: Bergson (1961), 46."" Rows 2, 2.1, 2.2: Andreev et al. (1990a), 46." Row 3: see text.1" Row 4: row 1, divided by the population (row 2)1in child-units (the sum of rows 2.1 multiplied byrow 3, and row 2.2)$" Row 6: row 4, multiplied by row 5. Table M-2. Education costs, 1940&Education budget, 1940, billion rubles#Numbers in education, 1940, millionAnnual cost per person, rublesYears of education'Total education cost per person, rubles" Row 1: Plotnikov (1955), 264./" Row 2: TsSU (1977), 7 (numbers in pre-scho<ol,*primary, secondary, higher, and vocational education).!" Row 3: row 1, divided by row 2." Row 4: see text.$" Row 5: row 3, multiplied by row 4.2Table M-3. The cost of wartime demographic losses,1941-5(A) Population aged 15-64 yearsPrewar population, millionPremature deaths, millionNet emigration, millionWartime demographic loss percent of prewar population(B) Rubles at 1940 pricesCost per person in 1940, rubles#Total cost of war losses, bn rubles2" Row 1: Andreev et al. (1990a), 46; there are two2variants, depending on how we resolve the Maksudov6dilemma. Col. 1 shows the unadjusted prewar population9figure reported by Andreev et al., combined with a figure1for war deaths adjusted downward by estimated net4wartime and postwar emigration of 2m. Col. 2 shows a6prewar population figure adjusted upward to include 2m4wartime and postwar emigrants of working age, and an!unadjusted figure for war deaths.0" Rows 2, 3: the number of excess wartime deaths5among persons of working age is estimated as follows.7Andreev et al. (1990b), 26-7, supply two benchmarks. An/upper limit is the 25.3m war deaths amongst the7population born before mid-1941 (but this includes many2who were too old or too young to enter the working8population). A lower limit is the 16.7m war deaths among6those born between 1901 and 1931, war (but this figure4excludes those aged 45-64, who were also part of the7working population). A simple, if crude expedient would9be therefore to take the midpoint of the range, i.e. 21m,6for war deaths amongst the working-age population. But5where are the 2.7m net emigrants? Col. 1 assumes that4they are concealed within war deaths as estimated by2Andreev et al.. I assume that 2m emigrants were of4working age, reducing the 21m war deaths amongst the6working-age population to 19m. Col. 2 assumes that the5prewar population reported by Andreev et al. has been6adjusted downward to eliminate net wartime and postwar5emigration, and makes no adjustment to the 21m. These5correspond to the assumptions generating cols 1 and 2 in table 7-2.#" Row 4.1: row 4, divided by row 1.1" Row 5: table M-1, row 6, plus table M-2, row 5.$" Row 6: row 5, multiplied by row 4.Table N-1. Population and netnational product of the RussianEmpire and the USSR,1885-1913 and 1928 (millionsand rubles at 1913 prices)YearNNP,rublesper head%For 1885-1913, NNP and population are taken from Gregory (1982), 56-7.#Income per head in 1928 is taken as#96.5 percent of 1913, from Harrison(1994a), 42 and 333n.Table N-2. Population and GNP,1928-1940 and 1950 (thousandsand rubles at 1937 factor cost)GNP,billion thousandsGNP is from Moorsteen, Powell(1962), 622-3; mid-yearpopulation is calculated fromJanuary totals given by Andreev#et al. (1990a), 41, calculating the"population on the first of 1940 as"equal to the first-of-1939 figure,plus 20 per thousand (the net reproduction rate in 1939), plus12.5m dwelling in easternPoland, from Moorsteen, Powell (1962), 71.Table N-3. Population and GNP,1950-85 (thousands and rublesat 1982 factor cost)GNP is from CIA (1990b), tableA-1; mid-year population iscalculated from January totalsgiven by TsSU (various years)."Table N-4. GNP per head, 1885-1985(percent of 1913)Source: tables N-1 to N-3.FTable N-5. Regression output: testing for a unit root in GNP per head, 1885-1985Degrees of FreedomRegression outputlgnp(-1)year crash(14) crash(41) trend(28) trend(50) trend(74)X-coefficientsSE of coefficient t-statisticSources: table N-4 and text.+Table N-6. Regression output: GNP per head,71885-1985, with trend and level breaks in 1913, a level&break in 1940, and trend break in 1974lgnptrendscurrentprewarinterwari j" b=Y.zo> >(  D YI a}zcc   dMbP?_%1*+&?'?('}'}?)'}'}?"d,, ` `? ` `?U111111 1 1 1 1111111111111ZFCTable 1-1. Population, gross domestic product, and territory of theZ30great powers within contemporary frontiers, 1940Z96Table 2-1. Net material product, 1940 and 1942-3, fromZ30Sukharevskii (billion rubles and current prices)Z41Table 2-2. Defence outlays, 1940 and 1942-3, fromZ30Sukharevskii (billion rubles and current prices) Z+96Table 2-3. Net material product, 1940 and 1942-5, from Z,30Sukharevskii (billion rubles and current prices) ZIFCTable 2-4. Outlays of the defence and navy commissariats, 1940-1945 ZJ&#(billion rubles and current prices)Zd30Table 2-5. Defence outlays, 1940 and 1942-3: theZe74Sukharevskii gap (billion rubles and current prices)Z~@=Table 2-6. Prevailing prices of goods and services, 1941-1944Z(percent of 1940)Z=:Table 2-7. Defence outlays and national income, 1940-1943,Z<9from Sukharevskii (billion rubles and current or constantZ 1940 prices)ZDATable 2-8. Net material product, 1940 and 1942-5, from GoskomstatZ(percent and 1940 prices)ZVSTable 2-9. Net material product and implicit expenditure deflators, 1940, 1944, andZRO1945, from TsSU (billion rubles at current or constant 1940 prices and percent)ZDATable 2-10. Uses of net material product, 1940 and 1944: TsSU and 1"1#1%1&1(1)1*1,1-1/1012141517181:1;1<1>1?1 Z0-Goskomstat compared (percent and 1940 prices)"Z:7Table 2-11. Net material product, 1940 and 1942-5, from#Z74Goskomstat and TsSU (billion rubles and 1940 prices)%Z:7Table 2-12. The use of gross output for "war needs", by&Z;8production branch, 1940 and 1942-1943 (percent of total)(ZKMJTable 2-13. The use of gross output for "war needs", by production branch,)ZLGD1940 and 1942-1943, from Sukharevskii (billion rubles and prevailing*ZMofficial prices),ZMJTable 3-1. Soviet real national income within pre-1939 frontiers, 1937 and-ZC@1940 (growth over 1928, percent per year): alternative estimates/ZEBTable 4-1. Industrial production, 1941-1945: alternative estimates0Z(percent of 1940)2ZGDTable 4-2. Industrial production, selected series, 1940-1945 (units)4ZYKHTable 4-3. Gross output of industry by branch of origin, 1941-1945 (19375ZZprices and percent of 1940)7ZoJGTable 4-4. Industrial production by branch of origin, 1944: alternative8Zpestimates (percent of 1940):Z2/Table 4-5. Gross output of civilian industry by;Z52branch of origin, 1944 (percent of 1940): standard<Z"deviations of product relatives>ZLITable 4-6. The estimated trend in real value added relative to real gross?Z2/output of industry, 1941-1944 (percent of 1940)A1B1D1E1G1I1J1L1M1O1P1R1S1U1V1X1Y1[1\1^1_1AZMJTable 4-7. The branch composition of industrial production and employment,BZ1940: alternative measuresDZTQTable 4-8. Value added in industry by branch of origin, 1940-1945 (billion rublesEZ+(at 1937 factor cost and percent of 1940)GZA>Table 4-9. Employment of manual workers in industry, 1940-1945IZFMJTable 4-10. Labour productivity in industry, 1940-1945 (manual workers andJZG'$net value added at 1937 factor cost)LZo@=Table 4-11. Employment in industry, 1940-1945 (all employees,MZpmillions and percent)OZPMTable 4-12. Labour productivity in industry, 1940-1945 (all employees and netPZ# value added at 1937 factor cost)RZURTable 5-1. Gross national product by sector of origin, 1937 and 1940-1945 (billionSZrubles at 1937 factor cost)UZ6IFTable 5-2. Gross national product by sector of origin, 1940-1945 (1937VZ7# factor cost and percent of 1937)XZc?<Table 5-3. National income, 1941-1945: alternative estimatesYZd(percent of 1940)[ZHETable 5-4. The working population by type of establishment, 1940-1945\Z"(millions and percent of total)^ZGDTable 5-5. The working population by branch of employment, 1940-1945_Z (millions)a1b1d1e1g1h1j1k1m1n1p1q1r1t1u1v1x1y1{1|1~11aZGDTable 5-6. The working population by branch of employment, 1940-1945bZ(percent of total)dZKHTable 5-7. Net value added per worker, 1940-1945 (rubles and 1937 factoreZcost)gZ;8Table 5-8. Gross national product by final use, 1940 andhZ=:1942-1944 (billion rubles at 1937 factor cost and percent)jZMJTable 5-9. Gross national product by final use, 1940 and 1944: alternativekZ30estimates (billion rubles and 1937 factor costs)mZ*52Table 5-10. Households' consumer spending in cash,nZ+0-at current and constant prices, 1940 and 1944pZSFCTable 5-11. Gross national product and the defence burden, 1940 andqZTJG1942-1944: alternative measures (billion rubles at 1937 factor cost andrZU percent)tZq=:Table 5-12. Large-scale industrial production by branch ofuZr;8origin, implicit and realised, 1940 and 1942-1944 (valuevZsadded at 1937 factor cost)xZB?Table 5-13. Implicit supply of gross industrial output requiredyZ?<from de-stocking and net imports, 1942-4 (percent of total){Z=:Table 5-14. Employment in direct and indirect requirements|Z0-of defence outlays, 1940 and 1942-1944 ('000)~Z =:Table 5-15. Employment in direct and indirect requirementsZ 0-of defence outlays (net of imports), 1940 and1111111111111111111111Z *'1942-1944 (percent of total employment)Z63Table 5-16. Defence and nondefence employment, 1940Z2/and 1942-1944: alternative estimates (millions)Z`EBTable 5-17. Gross domestic products of the great powers, 1939-1945Za2/(billion international dollars and 1985 prices)ZLITable 5-18. The military burden: five great powers, 1939-1944 (percent ofZnational income)Z:7Table 6-1. Allied aid, total and to the USSR, 1941-1945ZPMTable 6-2. United States Lend-Lease exports to the USSR, 1941-1945 ($ millionZ and percent)Z7/,Table 6-3. Revenues to the state budget fromZ830foreign transactions, 1942-1943 (million rubles)ZVC@Table 6-4. Budget outlays of the defence commissariat, total andZW41supplied from imports, 1941-1945 (billion rubles)Z~.+Table 6-5. Sources of net material product,Z1.1940-1945, (billion rubles and current prices)ZA>Table 6-6. The defence burden with and without foreign aid andZ:7trade, 1942-1944 (billion rubles and 1937 factor costs)Z"Table 6-7. Commodities in shortZ'$supply, 1946 (Lend-lease deliveries,Z)&percent of domestic output in physicalZunits, in 1944)111111111111111111111Z$<9Table 6-8. Allied military losses and prewar GDP per headZ>;Table 7-1. Material costs of World War II: official figuresZ(billion prewar rubles)Z885Table 7-2. Population movements, mid-1941 to end-1945Z9 (millions)Zh85Table 7-3. Losses of physical and human assets duringZi=:World War II (billion rubles at prewar prices and percent)Z.+Table 7-4. Trends and breaks in Russian andZ-*Soviet economic growth, 1885-1985 (GNP perZhead, percent change)ZJGTable A-1. Prevailing prices of goods and services, 1940-45 (percent ofZ1937)Z*JGTable A-2. Price indices for munitions, 1941-1945, from NKO budget dataZ+(percent of 1940)Z@A>Table A-3. A Paasche index of ground and air munitions prices,ZA?<1940-1945, from NKO budget data (million rubles and percent)ZZ52Table A-4: Retail trade turnover and prices, 1937,Z[1940, and 1944, from ChapmanZoB?Table A-5. Retail trade turnover and prices, 1940 and 1942-1945ZLITable B-1. Finished output of ground and air munitions, quarterly series,Z1941-1945 (units)111111111111111111111Z)DATable B-2. Munitions prices, 1941-1945 (thousand rubles per unit)Zk30Table B-3. Warship prices, 1944 (million rubles)Z{30Table B-4. Regression output: testing for changeZ|/,in the structure of Soviet munitions prices,Z} 1941-1943ZEBTable B-5. Finished output of ground and air munitions, 1941-1945:Z+(alternative estimates (percent of 1940)Z:7Table B-6. Finished output of ground and air munitions:ZC@representativeness of output series in physical units, 1941-1944Z1.(billion rubles at current prices and percent)ZPMTable B-7. Finished output of ground and air munitions, annual and quarterly,Z521941-1945: alternative estimates (percent of 1940)ZHETable B-8. Naval munitions outlays, nominal and real, 1940-1945, fromZ!Terpilovskii (percent of 1940)ZURTable B-9. Finished output of munitions, 1940-1945: alternative estimates (billionZrubles at 1937 prices)Z 30Table C-1. Civilian industry products, 1940-1945Z 74Table C-2. Civilian industry product prices, 1937 orZ  near yearZ GDTable C-3. Civilian industry gross output by branch, 1941-1945 (1937Z prices and percent of 1940)111111111111111111111Z IFTable D-1. From gross output to value added: basic and light industry,Z 1940 and 1942-1944Z 4?<Table D-2. From gross output to net value added: disturbanceZ 5C@factors in basic and light industry, 1940 and 1942-1944 (billionZ 6(%rubles at current prices and percent)Z bNKTable D-3. From finished output to value added: defence industry, 1940-1945Z zDATable D-4. Output and productivity in defence industry, 1940-1945Z {,)(rubles at 1937 factor cost and millions)Z LITable D-5. Defence industry, 1940-1945: sums of input/output coefficientsZ EBTable E-1. Ground and air munitions: alternative measures of priceZ &#change, 1940-1945 (percent of 1942)Z 74Table E-2. Unit costs in defence industry, 1940-1945Z ,)(annual change, percent of previous year)Z %:7Table E-3. Ground and air munitions: unit costs, fourthZ &quarter (rubles)Z ?,)Table E-4. Regression output: testing theZ @74average-cost pricing hypothesis in defence industry,Z A 1941-1943Z [MJTable E-5. Ground and air munitions: direct labour requirements in defenceZ \85industry, 1941-1945 (hours worked per unit of output)Z 52Table E-6. Ground and air munitions: direct labour111111 1 1 1 1111111111111Z ;8requirements in defence industry, 1943-1945: alternativeZ /,figures (hours per unit and percent of 1941)Z 85Table E-7. Employment in defence industry, 1940-1945:Z !alternative figures (millions)Z GDTable F-1. The Soviet economy, 1941-plan compared with 1940 results Z >:7Table F-2. Identified outlays on intermediate goods and Z ?=:services and factor services in the 1941-plan input/output Z @74table (percent of gross output at prevailing prices) Z f52Table F-3. Gross national product in the 1941-plan Z g<9input/output table (billion rubles and prevailing prices)Z zFCTable F-4. The 1941-plan input/output table: depreciation, indirectZ {IFtaxation, and price deflators (million rubles at prevailing prices andZ | percent)Z URTable F-5. The 1941-plan input/output table (million rubles and 1937 factor costs)Z B?Table F-6. The revised 1941-plan input-output table (rubles andZ *'1937 factor cost): sums of coefficientsZ @=Table F-7. Gross national product by final use, 1928-44, fromZ 0-Bergson (billion rubles and 1937 factor cost)Z KHTable F-8. Gross output and value added in industry by branch of origin,Z 851940 (million rubles at 1937 factor cost and percent)Z B?Table F-9. Gross national product by sector of origin, 1940 andZ 301941-plan (billion rubles and 1937 factor cost) !1"1$1%1'1(1*1+1-1.1011131416181:1<1=1>1!Z 85Table G-1. Employment in public sector industry, 1940"Z (millions and percent)$Z ?EBTable G-2. Employment in public sector industry, excluding artisan%Z @<9industry,1940-1945 (pre-1960 classification and millions)'Z a@=Table G-3. Employment in artisan industry (arteli promyslovoi(Z b%"kooperatsii), 1940-1945 (millions)*Z sDATable G-4. Employment in NKVD industrial establishments by branch+Z t1940-1945 (millions)-Z JGTable G-5. Employment in Soviet industry by type of establishment, type.Z <9of employee, and branch of activity, 1940-1945 (millions)0Z IFTable G-6. Hours worked in public sector industry, 1940-1945 (pre-19601Z '$classification and manual employees)3Z HETable G-7: Wage earnings in public sector industry, 1940-1945 (rubles4Z and percent of 1940)6Z63Table H-1. Agricultural products, 1940-1945 (units)8Z+(Table H-2. Vegetable harvests, 1940-1945:Z5@=Table H-3. Net investment in livestock, 1941-5 (million head)<Zq"Table H-4. Prevailing prices of=Zr'$agricultural products and livestock,>Zs 1937 (rubles)@1B1C1E1G1I1J1K1M1O1Q1S1U1W1X1Z1[1]1^1@ZHETable H-5. Agricultural gross output (billion rubles and 1937 prices)BZJGTable I-1. Employment in the public sector, excluding artisan industry,CZ301940-1945 (pre-1960 classification and millions)EZJGTable I-2. The collective farm working population, 1940-1945 (millions)GZ4EBTable I-3. Employment in NKVD establishments, 1940-1945 (millions)IZH Table I-4. Employment in NKVDJZI,)establishments by branch, 1941-plan, fromKZJJasnyMZ\EBTable I-5. Employment in NKVD establishments, 1940-1945 (millions)OZ?<Table I-6. Forced labourers, 1 January, 1940-1946 (millions)QZ/,Table I-7. Forced labourers, 1941 (millions)SZ63Table I-8. Military personnel, 1940-1945 (millions)UZ@=Table I-9. Armed forces ration strength, 1941-1944 (millions)WZIFTable I-10. The working population by type of establishment, 1940-1945XZ (millions)ZZ2/Table I-11. The working population by branch of[Z!activity, 1940-1945 (millions)]Z85Table J-1. Net imports arriving, by processing branch^Z*'(million rubles and 1937 factor costs) `1a1c1d1f1h1i1k1l1n1o1q1r1t1u1v1x1y1{1|1}11`Z?<9Table J-2. Net imports arriving, by origin and commodity,aZ@1941-1944 (million dollars)cZ:7Table J-3. United States exports to the USSR, 1941-1944dZ(million dollars)fZ<9Table J-4. Soviet exports to the United States, 1941-1944hZDATable K-1. Defence outlays, 1937 and 1940-1945, from TerpilovskiiiZ&#(billion rubles and current prices)kZ$B?Table K-2. Outlays of the defence and navy commissariats, July,lZ%631941-June, 1945 (million rubles and current prices)nZMFCTable K-3. Estimated defence outlays, 1940-1945 (billion rubles andoZNcurrent prices)qZ{B?Table K-4. Estimated defence outlays, 1940-1945 (billion rublesrZ|and 1937 prices)tZ2/Table L-1. Defence outlays on final products byuZ85processing sector, 1940 and 1942-1944 (million rublesvZat 1937 factor cost)xZ,1.Table L-2. Gross output for defence use, 1940yZ-52and 1942-1944 (million rubles at 1937 factor cost){ZU-*Table L-3. Defence requirements, including|ZV<9direct-plus-indirect requirements of de-stocking (percent}ZWof available output)ZNKTable L-4. Value added for defence use by processing sector (million rubles1111111111111111111111Zand 1937 factor cost)Z96Table L-5. Employment in supply of defence uses (000s)Z!Table M-1. Rearing costs, 1940Z# Table M-2. Education costs, 1940Z(52Table M-3. The cost of wartime demographic losses,Z) 1941-5Z Table N-1. 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